{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T16:55:07Z","timestamp":1788368107052,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,3]],"date-time":"2022-08-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1659484800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001731","name":"Danida Fellowship Centre","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001731","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100018775","name":"Danish Foundation TrygFonden","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100018775","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100018956","name":"NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100018956","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Endocrinol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Research on the associations of physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness with \u03b2-cell dysfunction and insulin resistance among adults in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) is limited. We assessed the association of physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness with \u03b2-cell function, insulin resistance and diabetes among people living with HIV (PLWH) ART-na\u00efve and HIV-uninfected Tanzanian adults.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Method<\/jats:title><jats:p>In a cross-sectional study, we collected data on socio-demography, anthropometry, fat mass and fat free mass and C-reactive protein. Data on glucose and insulin collected during an oral glucose tolerance test were used to assess \u03b2-cell dysfunction (defined as insulinogenic index &amp;lt;0.71 (mU\/L)\/(mmol\/L), HOMA-\u03b2 index &amp;lt;38.3 (mU\/L)\/(mmol\/L), and overall insulin release index &amp;lt;33.3 (mU\/L)\/(mmol\/L)), oral disposition index &amp;lt;0.16 (mU\/L)\/(mg\/dL)(mU\/L)<jats:sup>-1<\/jats:sup>, insulin resistance (HOMA-IR index &amp;gt;1.9 (mU\/L)\/(mmol\/L) and Matsuda index &amp;lt;7.2 (mU\/L)\/(mmol\/L), prediabetes and diabetes which were the dependent variables. Physical activity energy expenditure (PAEE), sleeping heart rate (SHR), and maximum uptake of oxygen during exercise (VO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> max) were the independent variables and were assessed using a combined heart rate and accelerometer monitor. Logistic regressions were used to assess the associations.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Of 391 participants, 272 were PLWH and 119 HIV-uninfected. The mean age was 39 ( \u00b1 10.5) years and 60% (n=235) were females. Compared to lower tertile, middle tertile of PAEE was associated with lower odds of abnormal insulinogenic index (OR=0.48, 95%CI: 0.27, 0.82). A 5 kj\/kg\/day increment of PAEE was associated with lower odds of abnormal HOMA-IR (OR=0.91, 95%CI: 0.84, 0.98), and reduced risk of pre-diabetes (RRR=0.98, 95%CI: 0.96, 0.99) and diabetes (RRR=0.92, 95%CI: 0.88, 0.96). An increment of 5 beats per min of SHR was associated with higher risk of diabetes (RRR=1.06, 95%CI: 1.01, 1.11). An increase of 5 mLO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\/kg\/min of VO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> max was associated with lower risk of pre-diabetes (RRR=0.91, 95%CI: 0.86, 0.97), but not diabetes. HIV status did not modify any of these associations (interaction, p&amp;gt;0.05).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Among Tanzanian adults PLWH and HIV-uninfected individuals, low physical activity was associated with \u03b2-cell dysfunction, insulin resistance and diabetes. Research is needed to assess if physical activity interventions can improve \u03b2-cell function and insulin sensitivity to reduce risk of diabetes and delay progression of diabetes in SSA.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.885988","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,3]],"date-time":"2022-08-03T04:47:42Z","timestamp":1659502062000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["The association of physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness with \u03b2-cell dysfunction, insulin resistance, and diabetes among adults in north-western Tanzania: A cross-sectional 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