{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,4]],"date-time":"2026-07-04T00:06:06Z","timestamp":1783123566297,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,18]],"date-time":"2022-05-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1652832000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Endocrinol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Human spermatogenesis is a qualitatively and quantitatively different process than that observed for most other mammals. In contrast with most other mammals, human spermatogenesis is characterized by reduced quantitative production and more abnormal sperm morphology. Until recently, direct evaluation and observations of human sperm production has been limited and the majority of scientific knowledge regarding spermatogenesis was derived from rodent models of study. Unique opportunities to observe human spermatogenesis have occurred as a consequence of the treatment of severe male infertility. These patients have sperm production so limited that no sperm reach the ejaculate so their fertility treatment involves surgical sperm retrieval from the testis, coupled with use of those sperm with advanced assisted reproductive techniques. Treatment of men with severe male infertility has enhanced identification of new genetic abnormalities that may cause this condition, since they now seek medical care. Three key novel concepts have resulted: (a) spermatogenesis is spatially heterogeneous in the human male, especially when sperm production is compromised, (b) genetic abnormalities are common in men with severe male infertility, particularly in men with diffuse maturation arrest and (c) rodent studies may not be an ideal model for understanding human male infertility. Scientific understanding of human spermatogenesis has been enhanced by these clinical observations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.889959","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,18]],"date-time":"2022-05-18T14:31:14Z","timestamp":1652884274000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Human Spermatogenesis: Insights From the Clinical Care of Men With Infertility"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Peter N.","family":"Schlegel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/14.1.131","article-title":"Testicular Sperm Extraction: Microdissection Improves Sperm Yield With Minimal Tissue Excision","volume":"14","author":"Schlegel","year":"1999","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2015.07.1136","article-title":"Comparison of Microdissection Testicular Sperm Extraction, Conventional Testicular Sperm Extraction, and Testicular Sperm Aspiration for Nonobstructive Azoospermia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"104","author":"Bernie","year":"2015","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/12.8.1635","article-title":"Submicroscopic Deletions of the Y Chromosome in Infertile Men","volume":"12","author":"Girardi","year":"1997","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1097\/JU.0000000000001521","article-title":"Diagnosis and Treatment of Infertility in Men: AUA\/ASRM Guideline Part I","volume":"205","author":"Schlegel","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"B5","first-page":"35","article-title":"Investigations Into the Development and the Finest Structure of the Seminal Threads of Some Mammals","volume":"22","author":"Niessing","year":"1889","journal-title":"Treatises Phys Medic W\u00fcrzburg Soc"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/aja.1001000205","article-title":"Quantitative Study of the Cell Population of the Seminiferous Tubules in Immature Rats","volume":"100","author":"Clermont","year":"1957","journal-title":"Am J Anat"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aja.1000990307","article-title":"Duration of Spermatogenesis in the Mouse and Timing of Stages of the Cycle of the Seminiferous Epithelium","volume":"99","author":"Oakberg","year":"1956","journal-title":"Am J Anat"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/jrf.0.0530255","article-title":"Identification of the Spermatogenic Stages in Living Seminiferous Tubules of Man","volume":"53","author":"Nikkanen","year":"1978","journal-title":"J Reprod Fertil"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0272.1982.tb03124.x","article-title":"Evidence of a Wave of Spermatogenesis in Human Testis","volume":"14","author":"Schulze","year":"1982","journal-title":"Andrologia"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/15.11.2269","article-title":"Tesarik Criteria Predicting the Absence of Spermatozoa in the Sertoli Cell-Only Syndrome can be Used to Improve Success Rates of Sperm Retrieval","volume":"15","author":"Anniballo","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Hum Reprod"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-1809.1976.tb00176.x","article-title":"Cytogenetics and Infertility in Man. 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