{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T04:12:58Z","timestamp":1792037578738,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":116,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,26]],"date-time":"2022-05-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1653523200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Endocrinol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Iodine is an essential element for the production of thyroid hormones (THs). Both deficient\u00a0and\u00a0excess iodine intakes may precipitate in adverse thyroidal events. Radioactive iodine (RI)\u00a0is a common byproduct of nuclear\u00a0fission\u00a0processes. During nuclear emergencies RI may be released in a plume, or cloud, contaminating the environment. If inhaled or ingested, it may lead to internal radiation exposure and the uptake of RI mainly by the thyroid gland that absorbs stable iodine (SI) and RI in the same way. A dose of radiation delivered to the thyroid gland is a main risk factor for the thyroid cancer development. The SI prophylaxis helps prevent childhood thyroid cancer. The thyroid gland saturation with prophylactic SI ingestion, reduces the internal exposure of the thyroid by blocking the uptake of RI and inhibiting iodide organification. However, negative impact of inadequate SI intake must be considered. We provide an overview on the recommended iodine intake and the impact of SI and RI on thyroid in children and adolescents, discussing the benefits and adverse effects of the prophylactic SI for thyroid blocking during a nuclear accident. The use of SI for protection against RI may be recommended in cases of radiological or nuclear emergencies, moreover the administration of iodine for prophylactic purposes should be cautious. Benefits and risks should also be considered according to age. Adverse effects from iodine administration cannot be excluded. Precise indications are mandatory to use the iodine for thyroid blocking. Due to this natural adaption mechanism it\u2019s possible to tolerate large doses of iodine without clinical effects, however, a prolonged assumption of the iodine when not needed can be dangerous and may precipitate in severe thyroidal and non-thyroidal negative effects.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.901620","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,26]],"date-time":"2022-05-26T06:43:56Z","timestamp":1653547436000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["The Iodine Rush: Over- or Under-Iodination Risk in the Prophylactic Use of Iodine for Thyroid Blocking in the Event of a Nuclear Disaster"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Valeria","family":"Calcaterra","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chiara","family":"Mameli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Virginia","family":"Rossi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giulia","family":"Massini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mirko","family":"Gambino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paola","family":"Baldassarre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gianvincenzo","family":"Zuccotti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)60436-5","article-title":"Effect of Inadequate Iodine Status in UK Pregnant Women on Cognitive Outcomes in Their Children: Results From the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC)","volume":"382","author":"Bath","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3949\/ccjm.84a.15053","article-title":"Iodine Deficiency: Clinical Implications","volume":"84","author":"Niwattisaiwong","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cleve Clin J Med"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"nyas.14041","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.14041","article-title":"Excess Iodine Intake: Sources, Assessment, and Effects on Thyroid Function","volume":"1446","author":"Farebrother","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2013.251","article-title":"Consequences of Excess Iodine","volume":"10","author":"Leung","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat Rev Endocrinol"},{"key":"B5","volume-title":"Iodine Thyroid Blocking: Guidelines for Use in Planning and Responding to Radiological and Nuclear Emergencies","year":"2017"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjc.6690545","article-title":"Childhood Exposure Due to the Chernobyl Accident and Thyroid Cancer Risk in Contaminated Areas of Belarus and Russia","volume":"80","author":"Jacob","year":"1999","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1088\/0952-4746\/26\/1\/003","article-title":"Thyroid Cancer Among Ukrainians and Belarusians Who Were Children or Adolescents at the Time of the Chernobyl Accident","volume":"26","author":"Jacob","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Radiol Prot"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncpendmet0499","article-title":"Mechanisms of Disease: Molecular Genetics of Childhood Thyroid Cancers","volume":"3","author":"Yamashita","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat Clin Pract Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/2359-3997000000257","article-title":"Radiation Exposure and Thyroid Cancer: A Review","volume":"61","author":"Iglesias","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arch Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B10","unstructured":"ShifrinA\n          PhiladelphiaElsevierEndocrine Emergencies2022"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-323-76097-3.00026-0","volume-title":"Use of Potassium Iodide in a Nuclear Emergency","author":"Toft","year":"2022"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eabg2538","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abg2538","article-title":"Radiation-Related Genomic Profile of Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma After the Chernobyl Accident","volume":"372","author":"Morton","year":"2021","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyg205","article-title":"Iodine Deficiency, Radiation Dose, and the Risk of Thyroid Cancer Among Children and Adolescents in the Bryansk Region of Russia Following the Chernobyl Power Station Accident","volume":"32","author":"Shakhtarin","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2010-0003","article-title":"Exposing the Thyroid to Radiation: A Review of Its Current Extent, Risks, and Implications","volume":"31","author":"Sinnott","year":"2010","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(93)90089-8","article-title":"Iodide Prophylaxis in Poland After the Chernobyl Reactor Accident: Benefits and Risks","volume":"94","author":"Nauman","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/10507250152039082","article-title":"Iodine Kinetics and Effectiveness of Stable Iodine Prophylaxis After Intake of Radioactive Iodine: A Review","volume":"11","author":"Verger","year":"2001","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rpd\/ncr400","article-title":"Adverse Effects of Iodine Thyroid Blocking: A Systematic Review","volume":"150","author":"Spallek","year":"2012","journal-title":"Radiat Prot Dosimetry"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ando.2015.12.003","article-title":"Thyroid Side Effects Prophylaxis in Front of Nuclear Power Plant Accidents","volume":"77","author":"Agopiantz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann Endocrinol"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hlc.2018.03.027","article-title":"An Introduction to Writing Narrative and Systematic Reviews - Tasks, Tips and Traps for Aspiring Authors","volume":"27","author":"Gregory","year":"2018","journal-title":"Heart Lung Circ"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13124469","article-title":"Iodine: Its Role in Thyroid Hormone Biosynthesis and Beyond","volume":"13","author":"Sorrenti","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI29812","article-title":"Deiodinases: Implications of the Local Control of Thyroid Hormone Action","volume":"116","author":"Bianco","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B22","first-page":"1166 p","volume-title":"10. Werner & Ingbar\u2019s the Thyroid: A Fundamental and Clinical Text","author":"Werner","year":"2005"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/105072501300176363","article-title":"Update on Intrathyroidal Iodine Metabolism","volume":"11","author":"Dunn","year":"2001","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-1-4160-4745-2.00003-1","article-title":"Thyroid Hormone Synthesis","volume-title":"Clinical Management of Thyroid Disease","author":"Kopp","year":"2009"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.04-2023fje","article-title":"Iodotyrosine Dehalogenase 1 (DEHAL1) Is a Transmembrane Protein Involved in the Recycling of Iodide Close to the Thyroglobulin Iodination Site","volume":"18","author":"Gnidehou","year":"2004","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2009-0007","article-title":"Molecular Aspects of Thyroid Hormone Actions","volume":"31","author":"Cheng","year":"2010","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbagen.2012.02.017","article-title":"The Road to Nuclear Receptors of Thyroid Hormone","volume":"1830","author":"Tata","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta BBA - Gen Subj"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2009.02.015","article-title":"Mini-Review: Cell Surface Receptor for Thyroid Hormone and Nongenomic Regulation of Ion Fluxes in Excitable Cells","volume":"99","author":"Davis","year":"2010","journal-title":"Physiol Behav"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13020513","article-title":"Is There an Ideal Diet to Protect Against Iodine Deficiency","volume":"13","author":"Krela-Ka\u017amierczak","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10010100","article-title":"Development of Databases on Iodine in Foods and Dietary Supplements","volume":"10","author":"Ershow","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B31","volume-title":"The Geochemistry of Iodine and Its Application to Environmental Strategies for Reducing the Risk From Iodine Deficiency Disorders (IDD)","author":"Johnson","year":"2003"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apgeochem.2015.09.013","article-title":"Iodine and Human Health, the Role of Environmental Geochemistry and Diet, a Review","volume":"63","author":"Fuge","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl Geochem"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10030287","article-title":"The Effect of Processing and Seasonality on the Iodine and Selenium Concentration of Cow\u2019s Milk Produced in Northern Ireland (NI): Implications for Population Dietary Intake","volume":"10","author":"O\u2019Kane","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/78630","article-title":"The Mammary Gland Iodide Transporter Is Expressed During Lactation and in Breast Cancer","volume":"6","author":"Tazebay","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2008.03442.x","article-title":"Breastfeeding and Maternal and Infant Iodine Nutrition","volume":"70","author":"Azizi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2011.08.001","article-title":"Iodine Nutrition in Pregnancy and Lactation","volume":"40","author":"Leung","year":"2011","journal-title":"Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114515003128","article-title":"The Relationship Between Iodine Nutrition and Thyroid Disease in Lactating Women With Different Iodine Intakes","volume":"114","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br J Nutr"},{"key":"B38","article-title":"Electronic Code of Federal Regulations Title 21, Chapter I, Subchapter B, Part 107, Subpart D, Number 107.00","volume-title":"21","year":"2017"},{"key":"B39","article-title":"Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) 2016\/127 of 25 September 2015 Supplementing Regulation (EU) No 609\/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council as Regards the Specific Compositional and Information Requirements for Infant Formula and Follow-on Formula and as Regards Requirements on Information Relating to Infant and Young Child Feeding (Text With EEA Relevance)","year":"2016"},{"key":"B40","first-page":"773 p","volume-title":"DRI: Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc: A Report of the Panel on Micronutrients \u2026 And the Standing Committee on the Scientific Evaluation of Dietary Reference Intakes, Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine","year":"2001"},{"key":"B41","unstructured":"Iodine. Office of Dietary Supplements"},{"key":"B42","article-title":"Overview on Tolerable Upper Intake Levels as Derived by the Scientific Committee on Food (SCF) and the EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies (NDA)","year":"2017"},{"key":"B43","unstructured":"Dietary Supplement Label Database2020"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12061606","article-title":"Vegans, Vegetarians, and Omnivores: How Does Dietary Choice Influence Iodine Intake? A Systematic Review","volume":"12","author":"Eveleigh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/jpem-2017-0082","article-title":"Veganism as a Cause of Iodine Deficient Hypothyroidism","volume":"31","author":"Yeliosof","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-21-0171","article-title":"GLOBAL ENDOCRINOLOGY: Global Perspectives in Endocrinology: Coverage of Iodized Salt Programs and Iodine Status in 2020","volume":"185","author":"Zimmermann","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2009-0011","article-title":"Iodine Deficiency","volume":"30","author":"Zimmermann","year":"2009","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"key":"B48","volume-title":"Assessment of Iodine Deficiency Disorders and Monitoring Their Elimination: A Guide for Programme Managers","year":"2001"},{"key":"B49","unstructured":"Reference Intake Levels for the Italian Population2014"},{"key":"B50","volume-title":"Guidance on the Monitoring Salt Iodization Programmes and Determination of Population Iodine Status","year":"2018"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beem.2009.08.014","article-title":"Cretinism Revisited","volume":"24","author":"Chen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(96)12365-5","article-title":"Effect on Infant Mortality of Iodination of Irrigation Water in a Severely Iodine-Deficient Area of China","volume":"350","author":"DeLong","year":"1997","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"CD000135","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000135","article-title":"Maternal Iodine Supplements in Areas of Deficiency","volume-title":"The Cochrane Collaboration, Editor. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews","author":"Mahomed","year":"1997"},{"key":"B54","first-page":"198","article-title":"Effect of Environmental Supplementation of Iodine on Infant Mortality and Growth in Children in Xinjiang, China","volume":"23","author":"Ren","year":"2002","journal-title":"Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi Zhonghua Liuxingbingxue Zazhi"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.112.161950","article-title":"Low Urinary Iodine Excretion During Early Pregnancy Is Associated With Alterations in Executive Functioning in Children","volume":"142","author":"van Mil","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9121354","article-title":"Reduced Educational Outcomes Persist Into Adolescence Following Mild Iodine Deficiency in Utero, Despite Adequacy in Childhood: 15-Year Follow-Up of the Gestational Iodine Cohort Investigating Auditory Processing Speed and Working Memory","volume":"9","author":"Hynes","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jech-2017-209830","article-title":"Iodine Intake From Supplements and Diet During Pregnancy and Child Cognitive and Motor Development: The INMA Mother and Child Cohort Study","volume":"72","author":"Murcia","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Community Health"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10091270","article-title":"Maternal Iodine Status Is Associated With Offspring Language Skills in Infancy and Toddlerhood","volume":"10","author":"Markhus","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqaa071","article-title":"Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Effects of Iodine Supplementation on Thyroid Function and Child Neurodevelopment in Mildly-to-Moderately Iodine-Deficient Pregnant Women","volume":"112","author":"Dineva","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.79.1.7517946","article-title":"Polyclonal and Monoclonal Thyroid Nodules Coexist Within Human Multinodular Goiters","volume":"79","author":"Kopp","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.85.6.6634","article-title":"Activating Thyrotropin Receptor Mutations Are Present in Nonadenomatous Hyperfunctioning Nodules of Toxic or Autonomous Multinodular Goiter","volume":"85","author":"Tonacchera","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2006.16.949","article-title":"Iodine Supplementation for Pregnancy and Lactation-United States and Canada: Recommendations of the American Thyroid Association","volume":"16","author":"Becker","year":"2006","journal-title":"Thyroid Off J Am Thyroid Assoc"},{"key":"B63","article-title":"Amiodarone-Induced Thyroid Dysfunction in Clinical Practice","volume":"10","author":"Ursella","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"B9780128012383980000","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-801238-3.98052-8","article-title":"Iodide Salt \u2606","volume-title":"Reference Module in Biomedical Sciences","author":"Furman","year":"2017"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/105072501300176462","article-title":"Iodine-Induced Hypothyroidism","volume":"11","author":"Markou","year":"2001","journal-title":"Thyroid Off J Am Thyroid Assoc"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2011-2576","article-title":"Approach to the Patient With Postpartum Thyroiditis","volume":"97","author":"Stagnaro-Green","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.27497","article-title":"Thyroid Cancer in Denmark 1943-2008, Before and After Iodine Supplementation","volume":"131","author":"Blomberg","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13044-015-0020-8","article-title":"Iodine Intake as a Risk Factor for Thyroid Cancer: A Comprehensive Review of Animal and Human Studies","volume":"8","author":"Zimmermann","year":"2015","journal-title":"Thyroid Res"},{"key":"B69","unstructured":"Iodine Toxicity\n            SouthernAP\n            JwayyedS\n          Treasure Island (FLStatPearls PublishingStatPearls2022"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-020-02260-5","article-title":"Hypothyroidism After Radiation Exposure: Brief Narrative Review","volume":"127","author":"Reiners","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Neural Transm"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.295.9.1011","article-title":"Radiation Dose-Response Relationships for Thyroid Nodules and Autoimmune Thyroid Diseases in Hiroshima and Nagasaki Atomic Bomb Survivors 55-58 Years After Radiation Exposure","volume":"295","author":"Imaizumi","year":"2006","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1667\/RR1953.1","article-title":"Non-Malignant Thyroid Diseases After a Wide Range of Radiation Exposures","volume":"174","author":"Ron","year":"2010","journal-title":"Radiat Res"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09553002.2019.1665206","article-title":"The Effect of Radioiodine Treatment on the Diseased Thyroid Gland","volume":"95","author":"Riley","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Radiat Biol"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.99107303","article-title":"Juvenile Hypothyroidism Among Two Populations Exposed to Radioiodine","volume":"107","author":"Goldsmith","year":"1999","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.97105s61497","article-title":"Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone Levels in Children From Chernobyl","volume":"105","author":"Quastel","year":"1997","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1667\/RR2003.1","article-title":"Prevalence of Hyperthyroidism After Exposure During Childhood or Adolescence to Radioiodines From the Chornobyl Nuclear Accident: Dose\u2013Response Results From the Ukrainian-American Cohort Study","volume":"174","author":"Hatch","year":"2010","journal-title":"Radiat Res"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clon.2011.01.502","article-title":"The Chernobyl Accident and Its Consequences","volume":"23","author":"Saenko","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Oncol"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clon.2011.02.001","article-title":"What Have We Learnt From Chernobyl? What Have We Still To Learn","volume":"23","author":"Thomas","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Oncol"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-017-0303-6","article-title":"Somatic Health Effects of Chernobyl: 30 Years on","volume":"32","author":"Hatch","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur J Epidemiol"},{"key":"B80","article-title":"High Prevalence of RET Rearrangement in Thyroid Tumors of Children From Belarus After the Chernobyl Reactor Accident","volume":"11","author":"Klugbauer","year":"1995","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2012.2204.com","article-title":"Potassium Iodide Prophylaxis: What Have We Learned and Questions Raised by the Accident at the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant","volume":"22","author":"Schneider","year":"2012","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1667\/RR3437.1","article-title":"Radioiodine Fallout and Breast-Feeding","volume":"164","author":"Miller","year":"2005","journal-title":"Radiat Res"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rpd\/ncs019","article-title":"Radiation-Epidemiological Studies of Thyroid Cancer Incidence in Russia After the Chernobyl Accident (Estimation of Radiation Risks, 1991-2008 Follow-Up Period)","volume":"151","author":"Ivanov","year":"2012","journal-title":"Radiat Prot Dosimetry"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjc.6605967","article-title":"Thyroid Cancer Risk in Belarus Among Children and Adolescents Exposed to Radioiodine After the Chornobyl Accident","volume":"104","author":"Zablotska","year":"2011","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djj244","article-title":"A Cohort Study of Thyroid Cancer and Other Thyroid Diseases After the Chornobyl Accident: Thyroid Cancer in Ukraine Detected During First Screening","volume":"98","author":"Tronko","year":"2006","journal-title":"JNCI J Natl Cancer Inst"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.HP.0000279018.93081.29","article-title":"Thyroid Cancer Incidence Among People Living in Areas Contaminated by Radiation From the Chernobyl Accident","volume":"93","author":"Ron","year":"2007","journal-title":"Health Phys"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clon.2011.01.178","article-title":"Clinical Presentation and Clinical Outcomes in Chernobyl-Related Paediatric Thyroid Cancers: What Do We Know Now? What Can We Expect in the Future","volume":"23","author":"Tuttle","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Oncol"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2008.0039","article-title":"Morphologic Characteristics of Chernobyl-Related Childhood Papillary Thyroid Carcinomas Are Independent of Radiation Exposure But Vary With Iodine Intake","volume":"18","author":"Williams","year":"2008","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cas.12583","article-title":"Radiation Signatures in Childhood Thyroid Cancers After the Chernobyl Accident: Possible Roles of Radiation in Carcinogenesis","volume":"106","author":"Suzuki","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cancer Sci"},{"key":"B90","article-title":"Oncogenic Rearrangements of the RET Proto-Oncogene in Papillary Thyroid Carcinomas From Children Exposed to the Chernobyl Nuclear Accident","volume":"55","author":"Fugazzola","year":"1995","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2011.142","article-title":"Molecular Genetics and Diagnosis of Thyroid Cancer","volume":"7","author":"Nikiforov","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat Rev Endocrinol"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI72725","article-title":"Oncogenic Rearrangements Driving Ionizing Radiation\u2013Associated Human Cancer","volume":"123","author":"Santoro","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"a009233","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a009233","article-title":"Central Role of RET in Thyroid Cancer","volume":"5","author":"Santoro","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2009.11.028","article-title":"Molecular Rearrangements in Papillary Thyroid Carcinomas","volume":"411","author":"Zitzelsberger","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Chim Acta"},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2012.00067","article-title":"Intracellular Signal Transduction and Modification of the Tumor Microenvironment Induced by RET\/PTCs in Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma","volume":"3","author":"Menicali","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol"},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc3680","article-title":"RET Revisited: Expanding the Oncogenic Portfolio","volume":"14","author":"Mulligan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cancer"},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1677\/erc.1.0978","article-title":"BRAF Mutation in Thyroid Cancer","volume":"12","author":"Xing","year":"2005","journal-title":"Endocr Relat Cancer"},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI69766","article-title":"Identification of Kinase Fusion Oncogenes in Post-Chernobyl Radiation-Induced Thyroid Cancers","volume":"123","author":"Ricarte-Filho","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-015-3303-3","article-title":"Gene Signature of the Post-Chernobyl Papillary Thyroid Cancer","volume":"43","author":"Handkiewicz-Junak","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging"},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2003.12.004","article-title":"Low Prevalence of BRAF Mutations in Radiation-Induced Thyroid Tumors in Contrast to Sporadic Papillary Carcinomas","volume":"209","author":"Nikiforova","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cancer Lett"},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/ERC-15-0381","article-title":"Are We Really at the Dawn of Understanding Sporadic Pediatric Thyroid Carcinoma","volume":"22","author":"Cordioli","year":"2015","journal-title":"Endocr Relat Cancer"},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.86.7.7678","article-title":"RET\/PTC Rearrangements in Thyroid Nodules: Studies in Irradiated and Not Irradiated, Malignant and Benign Thyroid Lesions in Children and Adults1","volume":"86","author":"Elisei","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B103","article-title":"Pattern of Radiation-Induced RET and NTRK1 Rearrangements in 191 Post-Chernobyl Papillary Thyroid Carcinomas: Biological, Phenotypic, and Clinical Implications","volume":"6","author":"Rabes","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res Off J Am Assoc Cancer Res"},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncpendmet0593","article-title":"Distributing KI Pills to Minimize Thyroid Radiation Exposure in Case of a Nuclear Accident in France","volume":"3","author":"Le Guen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat Clin Pract Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1093\/rpd\/ncn068","article-title":"Age-Dependent Potassium Iodide Effect on the Thyroid Irradiation by 131I and 133I in the Nuclear Emergency","volume":"130","author":"Jang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Radiat Prot Dosimetry"},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1667\/RR0763.1","article-title":"Solid Cancer Incidence in Atomic Bomb Survivors: 1958\u20131998","volume":"168","author":"Preston","year":"2007","journal-title":"Radiat Res"},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.27749","article-title":"Long-Term Trend of Thyroid Cancer Risk Among Japanese Atomic-Bomb Survivors: 60 Years After Exposure","volume":"132","author":"Furukawa","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004032-196706000-00012","article-title":"Radioiodine Uptakes in the Thyroid Studies of the Blocking and Subsequent Recovery of the Gland Following the Administration of Stable Iodine","volume":"13","author":"Ramsden","year":"1967","journal-title":"Health Phys"},{"key":"B109","volume-title":"Criteria for Use in Preparedness and Response for a Nuclear or Radiological Emergency","year":"2011"},{"key":"B110","volume-title":"The Fukushima Daiichi Accident","year":"2015"},{"key":"B111","unstructured":"GenevaWorld Health OrganizationInternational Health Regulations (2005)2016"},{"key":"B112","first-page":"S1","article-title":"Notes for Guidance on the Clinical Administration of Radiopharmaceuticals and Use of Sealed Radioactive Sources. Administration of Radioactive Substances Advisory Committee","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nucl Med Commun"},{"key":"B113","unstructured":"Potassium Iodide as a Thyroid Blocking Agent in Radiation Emergencies2020"},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/67.6.1279","article-title":"Intermittent Oral Administration of Potassium Iodide Solution for the Correction of Iodine Deficiency","volume":"67","author":"Todd","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1067\/mjd.2000.107247","article-title":"Potassium Iodide in Dermatology: A 19th Century Drug for the 21st Century?Uses, Pharmacology, Adverse Effects, and Contraindications","volume":"43","author":"Sterling","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2004.09.026","article-title":"Risk of Severe Allergic Reactions From the Use of Potassium Iodide for Radiation Emergencies","volume":"114","author":"Sicherer","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Endocrinology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fendo.2022.901620\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,26]],"date-time":"2022-05-26T06:44:16Z","timestamp":1653547456000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fendo.2022.901620\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,26]]},"references-count":116,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fendo.2022.901620"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fendo.2022.901620","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-2392"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-2392","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,26]]},"article-number":"901620"}}