{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T17:20:29Z","timestamp":1790011229456,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,30]],"date-time":"2022-06-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1656547200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005888","name":"Uniwersytet Medyczny w Lodzi","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005888","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Endocrinol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Hashimoto thyroiditis and Graves\u2019 disease are autoimmune thyroid diseases which occur much more frequently in women than in men. Estrogen receptors are found in the thyroid gland and can modulate the gland\u2019s function. Digit ratio (2D:4D) is thought to be a negative correlate of prenatal testosterone and a positive correlate of prenatal estrogen. This study aimed to examine a relationship between right and left 2D:4D in women with Hashimoto thyroiditis and Graves\u2019 disease. The cross-sectional study included 106 women with autoimmune thyroid disease: 73 women diagnosed with Hashimoto thyroiditis and 33 women with Graves\u2019 disease, together with 70 healthy women as controls. Second and fourth digit length, weight, height were measured directly, and 2D:4D and BMI were calculated. Compared to controls, right and left 2D:4D were significantly higher in women with Hashimoto thyroiditis and lower in women with Graves\u2019 disease, the effects were higher for right 2D:4D. The mean length of right 4D was significantly lower in the examined women with Hashimoto thyroiditis than in Graves\u2019 disease. Higher right and left 2D:4D in women with Hashimoto thyroiditis suggests that prenatal exposure to high levels of estrogens relative to testosterone may play a role in the development of this disease. Lower right and left 2D:4D in women with Graves\u2019 disease suggest a role of high prenatal androgens relative to estrogens in Graves\u2019 disease pathogenesis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.914471","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,30]],"date-time":"2022-06-30T10:24:00Z","timestamp":1656584640000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Can Digit Ratio (2D:4D) Be Indicative of Predispositions to Autoimmune Thyroid Diseases in Women - Hashimoto Thyroiditis and Graves\u2019 Disease?"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Barbara","family":"\u015awi\u0119chowicz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Kasielska-Trojan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John T.","family":"Manning","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bogus\u0142aw","family":"Antoszewski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2009.02.007","article-title":"The Etiology of Autoimmune Thyroid Disease: A Story of Genes and Environment","volume":"32","author":"Tomer","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Autoimmun"},{"key":"B2","unstructured":"Hashimoto\u2019s Thyroiditis2013"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.17219\/acem\/60862","article-title":"Trends in the Prevalence of Autoimmune Thyroiditis in the Leading Private Health-Care Provider in Poland","volume":"26","author":"J\u00f3\u017ak\u00f3w","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv Clin Exp Med"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/979167","article-title":"Immune Disorders in Hashimoto's Thyroiditis: What Do We Know So Far","volume":"2015","author":"Pyzik","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Immunol Res"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2014.01.007","article-title":"Hashimoto Thyroiditis: Clinical and Diagnostic Criteria","volume":"13","author":"Caturegli","year":"2014","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/07435800.2015.1015730","article-title":"High Prevalence of Hashimoto's Thyroiditis in Patients With Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: Does the Imbalance Between Estradiol and Proges-Terone Play a Role","volume":"40","author":"Arduc","year":"2015","journal-title":"Endocr Res"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.321.7258.424","article-title":"Th1 and Th2 Responses: What Are They","volume":"321","author":"Berger","year":"2000","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"B8","unstructured":"Diffuse Toxic Goiter2017"},{"key":"B9","unstructured":"Graves Disease2021"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra0905750","article-title":"Graves' Ophthalmopathy","volume":"362","author":"Bahn","year":"2010","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cen.14296","article-title":"Prevalence of Thyroid Eye Disease in Graves' Disease: A Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review","volume":"93","author":"Chin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000490384","article-title":"2018 European Thyroid Association Guideline for the Management of Graves' Hyperthyroidism","volume":"7","author":"Kahaly","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur Thyroid J"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s004240000019","article-title":"Changes in Th1\/Th2 Cytokine Balance in Graves' Disease","volume":"440","author":"Kocjan","year":"2000","journal-title":"Pflugers Arch"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/s1567-5769(01)00044-3","article-title":"Gender and the Immune System","volume":"3","author":"Lahita","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Gend Specif Med"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/edrv-17-4-369","article-title":"Gonadal Steroids and Immunity","volume":"17","author":"Olsen","year":"1996","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.175.9.5716","article-title":"Oestrogen Receptor Alpha (Er\u03b1) Deficiency in Macrophages Results in Increased Stimulation of CD4+ T Cells While 17beta-Estradiol Acts Through Er\u03b1 to Increase IL-4 and GATA-3 Expression in CD4+ T Cells Independent of Antigen Presentation","volume":"175","author":"Lambert","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.02279","article-title":"Sex Hormones in Acquired Immunity and Autoimmune Disease","volume":"9","author":"Moulton","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/13.11.3000","article-title":"The Ratio of 2nd to 4th Digit Length: A Predictor of Sperm Numbers and Concentrations of Testosterone, Luteinizing Hormone and Oestrogen","volume":"13","author":"Manning","year":"1998","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2014.00009","article-title":"Digit Ratio (2d:4d): A Biomarker for Prenatal Sex Steroids and Adult Sex Steroids in Challenge Situations","volume":"5","author":"Manning","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1113312108","article-title":"Resolving the Role of Prenatal Sex Steroids in the Development of Digit Ratio","volume":"108","author":"Manning","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11369","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-68239-0","article-title":"Digit Ratio (2D:4D) in Women and Men With Lung Cancer","volume":"10","author":"Kasielska-Trojan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1108312108","article-title":"Developmental Basis of Sexually Dimorphic Digit Ratios","volume":"108","author":"Zheng","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yhbeh.2020.104686","article-title":"Through a Glass, Darkly: Human Digit Ratios Reflect Prenatal Androgens, Imperfectly","volume":"120","author":"Swift-Gallant","year":"2020","journal-title":"Horm Behav"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yhbeh.2020.104710","article-title":"Facing Off With the Phalangeal Phenomenon and Editorial Policies: A Commentary on Swift-Gallant, Johnson, Di Rita and Breedlove (2020)","volume":"120","author":"McCormick","year":"2020","journal-title":"Horm Behav"},{"key":"B25","first-page":"5","volume-title":"The Finger Ratio","author":"Manning","year":"2009"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1530\/JOE-10-0444","article-title":"Thyroid Hormones and Fetal Neurological Development","volume":"209","author":"Patel","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Endocrinol"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beem.2009.06.005","article-title":"Sex Steroids and the Thyroid","volume":"23","author":"Tahboud","year":"2009","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6341","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-62599-3","article-title":"The Association Between Second to Fourth Digit Ratio, Reproductive and General Health Among Women: Findings From an Israeli Pregnancy Cohort","volume":"10","author":"Tabachnik","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/ERC-14-0053","article-title":"Estrogen and its Role in Thyroid Cancer","volume":"21","author":"Derwahl","year":"2014","journal-title":"Endocr Relat Cancer"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-128-3-1352","article-title":"Enhancement of In Vivo Humoral Immunity by Estrogen: Permissive Effect of a Thymic Factor","volume":"128","author":"Erbach","year":"1991","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1017\/S0021932022000049","article-title":"The Effects of Sex, Nation, Ethnicity, Age and Self-Reported Pubertal Development on Participant-Measured Right-Left 2D:4D (Dr-L) in the BBC Internet Study","author":"Manning","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Biosoc Sci"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajhb.22639","article-title":"The Digit Ratio (2D:4D) in China: A Meta-Analysis","volume":"27","author":"Xu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Hum Biol"},{"key":"B33","first-page":"40","article-title":"\u201cDigit Ratio and Personality and Individual Differences\u201d","volume-title":"The SAGE Handbook of Personality and Individual Differences","author":"Manning","year":"2018"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10508-005-3121-y","article-title":"Photocopies Yield Lower Digit Ratios (2D:4D) Than Direct Finger Measurements","volume":"34","author":"Manning","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arch Sex Behav"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2009-0986","article-title":"Does Finger Fat Produce Sex Differences in Second to Fourth Digit Ratios","volume":"150","author":"Wallen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10508-013-0179-9","article-title":"A Comparison of Measurement Methods and Sexual Dimorphism for Digit Ratio (2D:4D) in Han Ethnicity","volume":"43","author":"Xi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arch Sex Behav"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2020.105072","article-title":"Radiographic Digit Ratios (2D:4D) of Afro-Caribbean Children: Comparisons With Published Data From White Children","volume":"146","author":"Trivers","year":"2020","journal-title":"Early Hum Dev"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2002266117","article-title":"Impaired Estrogen Signaling Underlies Regulatory T Cell Loss-of-Function in the Chronically Inflamed Intestine","volume":"117","author":"Goodman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2015.00635","article-title":"The Immune System Is a Natural Target for Estrogen Action: Opposing Effects of Estrogen in Two Prototypical Autoimmune Diseases","volume":"6","author":"Khan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2015.01.018","article-title":"Estrogen Receptors Regulate Innate Immune Cells and Signaling Pathways","volume":"294","author":"Kovats","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Immunol"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/immu.200310027","article-title":"Estradiol Enhances Primary Antigen-Specific CD4 T Cell Responses and Th1 Development In Vivo. Essential Role of Estrogen Receptor Alpha Expression in Hematopoietic Cells","volume":"33","author":"Maret","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2006.08.005","article-title":"IFN-Gamma-Inducing Transcription Factor, T-Bet Is Upregulated by Estrogen in Murine Splenocytes: Role of IL-27 But Not IL-12","volume":"44","author":"Karpuzoglu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mol Immunol"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.140974","article-title":"Second-To-Fourth Digit Ratio in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus","volume":"42","author":"Doe","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22041656","article-title":"Estrogen Receptor Beta: The Promising Biomarker and Potential Target in Metastases","volume":"22","author":"Bo\u017eovi\u0107","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/941568","article-title":"Estrogen Induces Metastatic Potential of Papillary Thyroid Cancer Cells Through Estrogen Receptor Alpha and Beta","volume":"2013","author":"Dong","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Endocrinol"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2184.2007.00471.x","article-title":"Oestrogen Mediates the Growth of Human Thyroid Carcinoma Cells via an Oestrogen Receptor\u2014ERK Pathway","volume":"40","author":"Zeng","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cell Prolif"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1677\/JOE-06-0193","article-title":"Expression and Role of Estrogen Receptor \u03b1 and \u03b2 in Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma: Different Roles in Cancer Growth and Apoptosis","volume":"195","author":"Cho","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Endocrinol"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.02349","article-title":"The Impact of Obesity on Thyroid Autoimmunity and Dysfunction: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"10","author":"Song","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Immunol"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Endocrinology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fendo.2022.914471\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,30]],"date-time":"2022-06-30T10:24:08Z","timestamp":1656584648000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fendo.2022.914471\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,30]]},"references-count":48,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fendo.2022.914471"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fendo.2022.914471","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-2392"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-2392","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,30]]},"article-number":"914471"}}