{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T11:37:15Z","timestamp":1783942635561,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,28]],"date-time":"2022-06-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1656374400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Endocrinol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>There is limited evidence that evaluates the glycemic control of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) during the Chinese New Year public holiday in China. The Chinese New Year public holiday represents various challenges to glycemic control, especially in T1DM patients, in China. We aimed to assess the effect of the Chinese New Year public holiday on several glucose metrics using flash glucose monitoring (FGM) in patients with T1DM.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Complete FGM data for 1 week before, 1 week during and 1 week after the Chinese New Year public holiday were available for 71 T1DM patients treated with multiple daily insulin injection (MDI) therapy (n = 51) or continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) treatment (n = 20). The mean age of the study participants was 13 (9, 30) years. Of note, 59.2% of the patients (n = 42) were adults, and 40.8% of the patients (n = 29) were minors. The interval between each two adjacent periods was one week. The indicators of mean glucose, glucose variability and time in different glycemic ranges were analyzed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The Chinese New Year public holiday was associated with an increase in mean blood glucose (8.2 \u00b1 1.9 vs. 8.9\u00b1 2.8; P &amp;lt; 0.001) and time above range (TAR) (26.1% \u00b1 18.1% vs. 31.7% \u00b1 23.9%; P &amp;lt; 0.001) but a decrease in time in range (TIR) (65.7% \u00b1 16.8% vs. 59.9% \u00b1 21.1%; P &amp;lt; 0.001) and coefficient of variation (CV) (38.2% \u00b1 8.2% vs. 36.7% \u00b1 7.7%; P =0.037). There was no statistically significant difference in time below range (TBR). The glycemic control deteriorated during the Chinese New Year public holiday in our study population regardless of age. Interestingly, in the CSII group, none of the metrics of glucose control significantly changed during the Chinese New Year public holiday.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>These results suggested that less self-management may worsen glycemic control in the short term, indicating a need for more refined management algorithms during the Chinese New Year public holiday for T1DM patients.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.915482","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,28]],"date-time":"2022-06-28T05:40:47Z","timestamp":1656394847000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Effect of the Chinese New Year Public Holiday on the Glycemic Control of T1DM With Intensive Insulin Therapy"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Keyu","family":"Guo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianan","family":"Ye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liyin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qi","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhiyi","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qin","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xia","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhiguang","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lin","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"j5295","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.j5295","article-title":"Incidence of Type 1 Diabetes in China, 2010-13: Population Based Study","volume":"360","author":"Weng","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc21-0342","article-title":"Incidence of Type 1 Diabetes May Be Underestimated in the Chinese Population: Evidence From 21.7 Million People Between 2007 and 2017","volume":"44","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S7","DOI":"10.2337\/dc20-S001","article-title":"1. Improving Care and Promoting Health in Populations: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes-2020","volume":"43","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2011.10.016","article-title":"The 3C Study: Coverage Cost and Care of Type 1 Diabetes in China\u2013study Design and Implementation","volume":"94","author":"McGuire","year":"2011","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2017.02.027","article-title":"Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus Care and Education in China: The 3C Study of Coverage, Cost, and Care in Beijing and Shantou","volume":"129","author":"McGuire","year":"2017","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"Itc33","DOI":"10.7326\/AITC202203150","article-title":"Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus","volume":"175","author":"Syed","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S53","DOI":"10.2337\/dc21-S005","article-title":"Association AD. 1 Facilitating Behavior Change and Well-Being to Improve Health Outcomes: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes-2021","volume":"44","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2018-316303","article-title":"Adherence to Metformin is Reduced During School Holidays and Weekends in Children With Type 1 Diabetes Participating in a Randomised Controlled Trial","volume":"104","author":"Leggett","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/014572179402000305","article-title":"Situational Obstacles to Adherence for Adolescents With Diabetes","volume":"20","author":"Schlundt","year":"1994","journal-title":"Diabetes Educ"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcd.2009.05.004","article-title":"Seasonal Variation in Fasting Glucose and HbA1c in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes","volume":"3","author":"Gikas","year":"2009","journal-title":"Prim Care Diabetes"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.20.2.234a","article-title":"Seasonal Variation of HbA1c in Adult Diabetic Patients","volume":"20","author":"Asplund","year":"1997","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/jpem-2013-0045","article-title":"Observational Study of Diabetes Management in Type 1 Diabetic School-Age Children During Holiday Versus School Days","volume":"26","author":"Landau","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.27.2.326","article-title":"A Prospective Study of Glycemic Control During Holiday Time in Type 2 Diabetic Patients","volume":"27","author":"Chen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc17-1600","article-title":"International Consensus on Use of Continuous Glucose Monitoring","volume":"40","author":"Danne","year":"2017","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc18-1444","article-title":"Validation of Time in Range as an Outcome Measure for Diabetes Clinical Trials","volume":"42","author":"Beck","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23950","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-03480-9","article-title":"Improved HbA1c and Reduced Glycaemic Variability After 1-Year Intermittent Use of Flash Glucose Monitoring","volume":"11","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-021-05648-4","article-title":"Effectiveness of Continuous Glucose Monitoring in Maintaining Glycaemic Control Among People With Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review of Randomised Controlled Trials and Meta-Analysis","volume":"65","author":"Teo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00038-020-01443-x","article-title":"Holiday and Weekend Effects on Mortality for Acute Myocardial Infarction in Shanxi, China: A Cross-Sectional Study","volume":"65","author":"Lin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Public Health"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2018-025762","article-title":"Does the 'Chinese New Year Effect' Exist? Hospital Mortality in Patients Admitted to Internal Medicine Departments During Official Consecutive Holidays: A Nationwide Population-Based Cohort Study","volume":"9","author":"Lin","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00592-020-01614-5","article-title":"Impact of COVID-19 Lockdown on Flash and Real-Time Glucose Sensor Users With Type 1 Diabetes in England","volume":"58","author":"Prabhu Navis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Diabetol"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109066","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2021.109066","article-title":"Glycaemic Control During the Lockdown for COVID-19 in Adults With Type 1 Diabetes: A Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies","volume":"180","author":"Garofolo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/dia.2016.0418","article-title":"Comparison of Insulin Pump Therapy and Multiple Daily Injections Insulin Regimen in Patients With Type 1 Diabetes During Ramadan Fasting","volume":"19","author":"Alamoudi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Diabetes Technol Ther"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.843938","article-title":"The Effect of Coronavirus Disease-19 Pandemic Lockdown and the Overlapping Ramadan Fasting Period on Glucose Control in Insulin-Treated Patients With Diabetes: A Flash Glucose Monitoring Study","volume":"9","author":"Helal","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Nutr"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2021.604028","article-title":"Clinical Outcome and Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of CSII Versus MDI in Children and Adolescent With Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus in a Public Health Care System of China","volume":"12","author":"Hu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1186\/s12902-020-0514-9","article-title":"Establishment of a Type 1 Diabetes Structured Education Programme Suitable for Chinese Patients: Type 1 Diabetes Education in Lifestyle and Self Adjustment (TELSA)","volume":"20","author":"Xie","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Endocr Disord"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.985199","type":"corrigendum","label":"Corrigendum","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,25]],"date-time":"2022-07-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1658707200000}}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Endocrinology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fendo.2022.915482\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,25]],"date-time":"2022-07-25T10:16:56Z","timestamp":1658744216000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fendo.2022.915482\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,28]]},"references-count":25,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fendo.2022.915482"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fendo.2022.915482","relation":{"corrigendum":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.985199","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1664-2392"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-2392","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,28]]},"article-number":"915482"}}