{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T19:17:50Z","timestamp":1792091870863,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":118,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,30]],"date-time":"2022-06-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1656547200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Endocrinol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a typical chronic disease that can be divided into 2 types, dependent on insulin deficiency or insulin resistance. Incidences of diabetic complications gradually increase as the disease progresses. Studies in diabetes complications have mostly focused on kidney and cardiovascular diseases, as well as neuropathy. However, DM can also cause skeletal muscle atrophy. Diabetic muscular atrophy is an unrecognized diabetic complication that can lead to quadriplegia in severe cases, seriously impacting patients\u2019 quality of life. In this review, we first identify the main molecular mechanisms of muscle atrophy from the aspects of protein degradation and synthesis signaling pathways. Then, we discuss the molecular regulatory mechanisms of diabetic muscular atrophy, and outline potential drugs and treatments in terms of insulin resistance, insulin deficiency, inflammation, oxidative stress, glucocorticoids, and other factors. It is worth noting that inflammation and oxidative stress are closely related to insulin resistance and insulin deficiency in diabetic muscular atrophy. Regulating inflammation and oxidative stress may represent another very important way to treat diabetic muscular atrophy, in addition to controlling insulin signaling. Understanding the molecular regulatory mechanism of diabetic muscular atrophy could help to reveal new treatment strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.917113","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,30]],"date-time":"2022-06-30T00:40:56Z","timestamp":1656549656000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":96,"title":["Diabetic Muscular Atrophy: Molecular Mechanisms and Promising Therapies"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Yuntian","family":"Shen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ming","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kexin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guangdong","family":"Qi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hua","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanan","family":"Ji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mengyuan","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chunyan","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Feng","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mi","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hualin","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"592915","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/592915","article-title":"Diabetes and Stem Cell Function","volume":"2015","author":"Fujimaki","year":"2015","journal-title":"BioMed Res Int"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2020.00568","article-title":"Diabetes and Sarcopenic Obesity: Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Treatments","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1573399817666210309104203","article-title":"Diabetic Complications: An Update on Pathobiology and Therapeutic Strategies","volume":"18","author":"Nellaiappan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr Diabetes Rev"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/db18-0416","article-title":"Foxo Transcription Factors are Critical Regulators of Diabetes-Related Muscle Atrophy","volume":"68","author":"O'Neill","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105807","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2021.105807","article-title":"Skeletal Muscle Atrophy: From Mechanisms to Treatments","volume":"172","author":"Yin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pharmacol Res"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5005\/jp-journals-10071-23346","article-title":"An Unusual Case of Critical Illness Polyneuromyopathy","volume":"24","author":"Mahashabde","year":"2020","journal-title":"Indian J Crit Care Med"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aax3769","article-title":"Cellular Quality Control by the Ubiquitin-Proteasome System and Autophagy","volume":"366","author":"Pohl","year":"2019","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1010015","article-title":"Activation of the Ubiquitin-Proteasome System Contributes to Oculopharyngeal Muscular Dystrophy Through Muscle Atrophy","volume":"18","author":"Ribot","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS Genet"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6670","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms7670","article-title":"Regulation of Autophagy and the Ubiquitin-Proteasome System by the Foxo Transcriptional Network During Muscle Atrophy","volume":"6","author":"Milan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12374","article-title":"Lncirs1 Controls Muscle Atrophy via Sponging Mir-15 Family to Activate Igf1-Pi3k\/Akt Pathway","volume":"10","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"J cachexia sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1970","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9091970","article-title":"Mechanisms of Igf-1-Mediated Regulation of Skeletal Muscle Hypertrophy and Atrophy","volume":"9","author":"Yoshida","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11010066","article-title":"Skp-Sc-Evs Mitigate Denervated Muscle Atrophy by Inhibiting Oxidative Stress and Inflammation and Improving Microcirculation","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Antioxidants"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0199728","article-title":"High-Fat Diet Suppresses the Positive Effect of Creatine Supplementation on Skeletal Muscle Function by Reducing Protein Expression of Igf-Pi3k-Akt-Mtor Pathway","volume":"13","author":"Ferretti","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12395","article-title":"Insulin\/igf1 Signalling Mediates the Effects of \u03b2(2) -Adrenergic Agonist on Muscle Proteostasis and Growth","volume":"10","author":"Gon\u00e7alves","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113510","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2020.113510","article-title":"Magnoflorine Prevent the Skeletal Muscle Atrophy via Akt\/Mtor\/Foxo Signal Pathway and Increase Slow-Myhc Production in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats","volume":"267","author":"Yadav","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Ethnopharmacol"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/JOE-16-0598","article-title":"Skeletal Muscle Insulin Resistance: Role of Mitochondria and Other Ros Sources","volume":"233","author":"Di Meo","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Endocrinol"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12662","article-title":"Amelioration of Diabetes-Induced Inflammation Mediated Pyroptosis, Sarcopenia, and Adverse Muscle Remodelling by Bone Morphogenetic Protein-7","volume":"12","author":"Aluganti Narasimhulu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1389203721666200923153406","article-title":"Molecular Insight Into the Crosstalk of Ups Components and Alzheimer's Disease","volume":"21","author":"Al Mamun","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr Protein Pept Sci"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114954","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2022.114954","article-title":"Biogenesis and Function of Extracellular Vesicles in Pathophysiological Processes of Skeletal Muscle Atrophy","volume":"198","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biochem Pharmacol"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00125.2016","article-title":"The Ubiquitin Proteasome System in Atrophying Skeletal Muscle: Roles and Regulation","volume":"311","author":"Bilodeau","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Cell Physiol"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-13-1435-3_10","article-title":"Ubiquitin-Proteasome Pathway and Muscle Atrophy","volume":"1088","author":"Khalil","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv Exp Med Biol"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12272-020-01281-8","article-title":"Ubiquitin-Proteasome System (Ups) as a Target for Anticancer Treatment","volume":"43","author":"Park","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arch Pharm Res"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s12276-020-00508-4","article-title":"Regulation of Cell Cycle Drivers by Cullin-Ring Ubiquitin Ligases","volume":"52","author":"Jang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Exp Mol Med"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2004.09.027","article-title":"Ikkbeta\/nf-Kappab Activation Causes Severe Muscle Wasting in Mice","volume":"119","author":"Cai","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(04)00400-3","article-title":"Foxo Transcription Factors Induce the Atrophy-Related Ubiquitin Ligase Atrogin-1 and Cause Skeletal Muscle Atrophy","volume":"117","author":"Sandri","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2021.663384","article-title":"Hdac4 Knockdown Alleviates Denervation-Induced Muscle Atrophy by Inhibiting Myogenin-Dependent Atrogene Activation","volume":"15","author":"Ma","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Cell Neurosci"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-15-0602-4_25","article-title":"Autophagy and Ubiquitin-Proteasome System","volume":"1206","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv Exp Med Biol"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1186\/s12576-020-00768-9","article-title":"The Ubiquitin-Proteasome System in Regulation of the Skeletal Muscle Homeostasis and Atrophy: From Basic Science to Disorders","volume":"70","author":"Kitajima","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Physiol Sci"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101041","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mam.2021.101041","article-title":"Role of Autophagy in Muscle Disease","volume":"82","author":"Franco-Romero","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol Aspects Med"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00441-019-03021-x","article-title":"Leucine Attenuates Muscle Atrophy and Autophagosome Formation by Activating Pi3k\/Akt\/Mtor Signaling Pathway in Rotator Cuff Tears","volume":"378","author":"Zheng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Res"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1054","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10051054","article-title":"Manifestations of Age on Autophagy, Mitophagy and Lysosomes in Skeletal Muscle","volume":"10","author":"Triolo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2013.03.015","article-title":"Sustained Activation of Mtorc1 in Skeletal Muscle Inhibits Constitutive and Starvation-Induced Autophagy and Causes a Severe, Late-Onset Myopathy","volume":"17","author":"Castets","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.23736\/S1121-421X.18.02511-4","article-title":"Skeletal Muscle-Gut Axis: Emerging Mechanisms of Sarcopenia for Intestinal and Extra Intestinal Diseases","volume":"64","author":"de Sire","year":"2018","journal-title":"Minerva Gastroenterol Dietol"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI42447","article-title":"Distinct Growth Hormone Receptor Signaling Modes Regulate Skeletal Muscle Development and Insulin Sensitivity in Mice","volume":"120","author":"Mavalli","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.21037\/biotarget.2018.05.02","article-title":"Strategies and Potential Therapeutic Agents to Counter Skeletal Muscle Atrophy","volume":"2","author":"Huang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biotarget"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2017.00788","article-title":"Mtor as a Key Regulator in Maintaining Skeletal Muscle Mass","volume":"8","author":"Yoon","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1002\/wsbm.1462","article-title":"Skeletal Muscle: A Review of Molecular Structure and Function, in Health and Disease","volume":"12","author":"Mukund","year":"2020","journal-title":"Wiley Interdiscip Rev Syst Biol Med"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.13294\/j.aps.2019.0021","article-title":"Signaling Pathways Controlling Skeletal Muscle Mass","volume":"71","author":"Zheng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Physiologica Sinica"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00203.2020","article-title":"Prematurity Blunts the Insulin- and Amino Acid-Induced Stimulation of Translation Initiation and Protein Synthesis in Skeletal Muscle of Neonatal Pigs","volume":"320","author":"Rudar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12558","article-title":"Indoprofen Prevents Muscle Wasting in Aged Mice Through Activation of Pdk1\/Akt Pathway","volume":"11","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11033-018-4512-1","article-title":"Insulin Action on Protein Synthesis and its Association With Eif5a Expression and Hypusination","volume":"46","author":"de Proen\u00e7a","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol Biol Rep"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgaa919","article-title":"Insulin-Stimulated Muscle Glucose Uptake and Insulin Signaling in Lean and Obese Humans","volume":"106","author":"Ramos","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.14607","article-title":"Mechanisms of Muscle Insulin Resistance and the Cross-Talk With Liver and Adipose Tissue","volume":"8","author":"da Silva Rosa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Physiol Rep"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13010183","article-title":"A Narrative Review on Sarcopenia in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Prevalence and Associated Factors","volume":"13","author":"Izzo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbspin.2018.08.001","article-title":"Sarcopenia","volume":"86","author":"Tournadre","year":"2019","journal-title":"Joint Bone Spine"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)31138-9","article-title":"Sarcopenia","volume":"393","author":"Cruz-Jentoft","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/DMSO.S186600","article-title":"Sarcopenia and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Bidirectional Relationship","volume":"12","author":"Mesinovic","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.4350","article-title":"Insulin Action and Resistance in Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes","volume":"23","author":"Czech","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7806435","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/7806435","article-title":"Addressing Stem Cell Therapeutic Approaches in Pathobiology of Diabetes and its Complications","volume":"2018","author":"Peng","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Diabetes Res"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110964","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2020.110964","article-title":"Is Inflammatory Signaling Involved in Disease-Related Muscle Wasting? Evidence From Osteoarthritis, Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and Type Ii Diabetes","volume":"137","author":"Dalle","year":"2020","journal-title":"Exp Gerontol"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1753-0407.12857","article-title":"Effects of Combined Treatment With Blood Flow Restriction and Low-Intensity Electrical Stimulation on Diabetes Mellitus-Associated Muscle Atrophy in Rats","volume":"11","author":"Tanaka","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Diabetes"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1654","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20071654","article-title":"Proinsulin C-Peptide Enhances Cell Survival and Protects Against Simvastatin-Induced Myotoxicity in L6 Rat Myoblasts","volume":"20","author":"Essid","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/jci146415lid-e146415","article-title":"Insulin and Igf-1 Receptors Regulate Complex I-Dependent Mitochondrial Bioenergetics and Supercomplexes via Foxos in Muscle","volume":"131","author":"Bhardwaj","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000505099","article-title":"Interleukin-6: A Masterplayer in the Cytokine Network","volume":"93","author":"Uciechowski","year":"2020","journal-title":"Oncology"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2019.01.040","article-title":"The Effects of Inflammation, Aging and Oxidative Stress on the Pathogenesis of Diabetes Mellitus (Type 2 Diabetes)","volume":"13","author":"Halim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab Syndr"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cytogfr.2018.05.001","article-title":"The Physiopathologic Interplay Between Stem Cells and Tissue Niche in Muscle Regeneration and the Role of Il-6 on Muscle Homeostasis and Diseases","volume":"41","author":"Forcina","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cytokine Growth Factor Rev"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcjd.2013.05.001","article-title":"Understanding Type 1 Diabetes: Etiology and Models","volume":"37","author":"Acharjee","year":"2013","journal-title":"Can J Diabetes"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2004.04.013","article-title":"Pathogenesis of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus","volume":"88","author":"DeFronzo","year":"2004","journal-title":"Med Clin North Am"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10787-018-0458-0","article-title":"Il-6 Signalling Pathways and the Development of Type 2 Diabetes","volume":"26","author":"Akbari","year":"2018","journal-title":"Inflammopharmacology"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00424-017-1955-5","article-title":"Macrophage Function in Obesity-Induced Inflammation and Insulin Resistance","volume":"469","author":"Lauterbach","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pflugers Arch"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.26174","article-title":"Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha: Role in Development of Insulin Resistance and Pathogenesis of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus","volume":"119","author":"Akash","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Cell Biochem"},{"key":"B62","first-page":"94","article-title":"Muscle Atrophy in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Roles of Inflammatory Pathways, Physical Activity and Exercise","volume":"22","author":"Perry BD","year":"2016","journal-title":"Exerc Immunol Rev"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1681","DOI":"10.21037\/atm-20-7269","article-title":"Inhibition of Il-6\/Jak\/Stat3 Pathway Rescues Denervation-Induced Skeletal Muscle Atrophy","volume":"8","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann Trans Med"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41556-018-0151-y","article-title":"Denervation-Activated Stat3-Il-6 Signalling in Fibro-Adipogenic Progenitors Promotes Myofibres Atrophy and Fibrosis","volume":"20","author":"Madaro","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Cell Biol"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12867","article-title":"Sepsis Induces Interleukin 6, Gp130\/Jak2\/Stat3, and Muscle Wasting","volume":"13","author":"Zanders","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1524","DOI":"10.21037\/atm-20-5460","article-title":"Aspirin Alleviates Denervation-Induced Muscle Atrophy via Regulating the Sirt1\/Pgc-1alpha Axis and Stat3 Signaling","volume":"8","author":"Wan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann Transl Med"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri.2017.52","article-title":"The non-Canonical Nf-\u03bab Pathway in Immunity and Inflammation","volume":"17","author":"Sun","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.ircmb.2017.07.007","article-title":"Nf-\u03bab and the Transcriptional Control of Inflammation","volume":"335","author":"Mitchell","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int Rev Cell Mol Biol"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-13-1435-3_12","article-title":"Nf-Kb and Inflammatory Cytokine Signalling: Role in Skeletal Muscle Atrophy","volume":"1088","author":"Thoma","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv Exp Med Biol"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.21037\/atm.2019.08.101","article-title":"Pqq Ameliorates Skeletal Muscle Atrophy, Mitophagy and Fiber Type Transition Induced by Denervation via Inhibition of the Inflammatory Signaling Pathways","volume":"7","author":"Ma","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann Trans Med"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.21037\/biotarget.2018.04.01","article-title":"The Role of Inflammatory Factors in Skeletal Muscle Injury","volume":"2","author":"Ma","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biotarget"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2013.07.012","article-title":"Stat3 Activation Links a C\/Ebpdelta to Myostatin Pathway to Stimulate Loss of Muscle Mass","volume":"18","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2019.01298","article-title":"Microarray Analysis of Gene Expression Provides New Insights Into Denervation-Induced Skeletal Muscle Atrophy","volume":"10","author":"Shen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2008060628","article-title":"Il-6 and Serum Amyloid a Synergy Mediates Angiotensin Ii-Induced Muscle Wasting","volume":"20","author":"Zhang","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Am Sci Nephrol"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2019.00665","article-title":"Salidroside Attenuates Denervation-Induced Skeletal Muscle Atrophy Through Negative Regulation of Pro-Inflammatory Cytokine","volume":"10","author":"Wu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22094642-lid-4642","article-title":"The Chemistry of Reactive Oxygen Species (Ros) Revisited: Outlining Their Role in Biological Macromolecules (DNA, Lipids and Proteins) and Induced Pathologies","volume":"22","author":"Juan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.26402\/jpp.2019.6.01","article-title":"Oxidative Stress and Inflammatory Markers in Prediabetes and Diabetes","volume":"70","author":"Luc","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Physiol Pharmacol"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.0000058402.34138.11","article-title":"Obesity and Systemic Oxidative Stress: Clinical Correlates of Oxidative Stress in the Framingham Study","volume":"23","author":"Keaney","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvx108","article-title":"The Role of Infiltrating Immune Cells in Dysfunctional Adipose Tissue","volume":"113","author":"Guzik","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Res"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2015.02.015","article-title":"Differential Thiol Oxidation of the Signaling Proteins Akt, Pten or Pp2a Determines Whether Akt Phosphorylation is Enhanced or Inhibited by Oxidative Stress in C2c12 Myotubes Derived From Skeletal Muscle","volume":"62","author":"Tan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Biochem Cell Biol"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4887","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26164887","article-title":"Polyphenols and Their Effects on Muscle Atrophy and Muscle Health","volume":"26","author":"Nikawa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1080\/1061186X.2016.1207650","article-title":"Reactive Oxygen Species: Sources, Consequences and Targeted Therapy in Type 2 Diabetes","volume":"25","author":"Panigrahy","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Drug Target"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2016.6755","article-title":"The Role of Oxidative Stress and Hypoxia in Pancreatic Beta-Cell Dysfunction in Diabetes Mellitus","volume":"26","author":"Gerber","year":"2017","journal-title":"Antioxid Redox Signal"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imbio.2018.11.010","article-title":"Reactive Oxygen Species (Ros) in Macrophage Activation and Function in Diabetes","volume":"224","author":"Rendra","year":"2019","journal-title":"Immunobiology"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2020.00988","article-title":"Isoquercitrin Delays Denervated Soleus Muscle Atrophy by Inhibiting Oxidative Stress and Inflammation","volume":"11","author":"Shen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-019-0286-3","article-title":"The Role of Macrophages in Obesity-Associated Islet Inflammation and \u03b2-Cell Abnormalities","volume":"16","author":"Ying","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Rev Endocrinol"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature04634","article-title":"Reactive Oxygen Species Have a Causal Role in Multiple Forms of Insulin Resistance","volume":"440","author":"Houstis","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1573399815666191111152248","article-title":"Chronic Stress and Diabetes Mellitus: Interwoven Pathologies","volume":"16","author":"Sharma","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr Diabetes Rev"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-13-1435-3_9","article-title":"Hormones and Muscle Atrophy","volume":"1088","author":"Mart\u00edn","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv Exp Med Biol"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22020623","article-title":"Molecular Mechanisms of Glucocorticoid-Induced Insulin Resistance","volume":"22","author":"Beaupere","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.13966","article-title":"Omega-3 Multiple Effects Increasing Glucocorticoid-Induced Muscle Atrophy: Autophagic, Ampk and Ups Mechanisms","volume":"7","author":"Fappi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Physiol Rep"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"BSR20171056","DOI":"10.1042\/BSR20171056","article-title":"Excessive Glucocorticoid-Induced Muscle Murf1 Overexpression is Independent of Akt\/Foxo1 Pathway","volume":"37","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biosci Rep"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms150611126","article-title":"Traf6 Inhibition Rescues Dexamethasone-Induced Muscle Atrophy","volume":"15","author":"Sun","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2018.07.056","article-title":"Glucocorticoid-Induced Creb Activation and Myostatin Expression in C2c12 Myotubes Involves Phosphodiesterase-3\/4 Signaling","volume":"503","author":"Xie","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2017.09.002","article-title":"Sulforaphane Prevents Dexamethasone-Induced Muscle Atrophy via Regulation of the Akt\/Foxo1 Axis in C2c12 Myotubes","volume":"95","author":"Son","year":"2017","journal-title":"BioMed Pharmacother"},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12677","article-title":"Obestatin Signalling Counteracts Glucocorticoid-Induced Skeletal Muscle Atrophy via Nedd4\/Klf15 Axis","volume":"12","author":"Cid-D\u00edaz","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/db09-1679","article-title":"Role of Klf15 in Regulation of Hepatic Gluconeogenesis and Metformin Action","volume":"59","author":"Takashima","year":"2010","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12795","article-title":"Loss of Redd1 Prevents Chemotherapy-Induced Muscle Atrophy and Weakness in Mice","volume":"12","author":"Hain","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/febs.12253","article-title":"Mechanisms Regulating Skeletal Muscle Growth and Atrophy","volume":"280","author":"Schiaffino","year":"2013","journal-title":"FEBS J"},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.124952","article-title":"Hyperglycemia Induces Skeletal Muscle Atrophy via a Wwp1\/Klf15 Axis","volume":"4","author":"Hirata","year":"2019","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3447","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-83098-z","article-title":"Role of Pdk1 in Skeletal Muscle Hypertrophy Induced by Mechanical Load","volume":"11","author":"Kuramoto","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(14)70034-8","article-title":"Age-Related and Disease-Related Muscle Loss: The Effect of Diabetes, Obesity, and Other Diseases","volume":"2","author":"Kalyani","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-021-05616-y","article-title":"Microrna-193b Impairs Muscle Growth in Mouse Models of Type 2 Diabetes by Targeting the Pdk1\/Akt Signalling Pathway","volume":"65","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dmrr.3100","article-title":"Diabetes Pharmacotherapy and Effects on the Musculoskeletal System","volume":"35","author":"Kalaitzoglou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab Res Rev"},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2596","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22052596","article-title":"Multifaceted Mechanisms of Action of Metformin Which Have Been Unraveled One After Another in the Long History","volume":"22","author":"Kaneto","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"943\u201351","DOI":"10.1007\/s00592-017-1027-5","article-title":"Metformin Attenuates the Tlr4 Inflammatory Pathway in Skeletal Muscle of Diabetic Rats","volume":"54","author":"Peixoto","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Diabetologica"},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4929131","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/4929131","article-title":"Can Yellow Stripe Scad Compete With Salmon on its Role in Platelet Phospholipid Membrane and its Cardiovascular Benefits","volume":"2019","author":"Yakubu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Obes"},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10040432","article-title":"Obesity, Inflammation, Toll-Like Receptor 4 and Fatty Acids","volume":"10","author":"Rogero","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1136\/openhrt-2018-000946","article-title":"Importance of Maintaining a Low Omega-6\/Omega-3 Ratio for Reducing Inflammation","volume":"5","author":"DiNicolantonio","year":"2018","journal-title":"Open Heart"},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40520-019-01146-1","article-title":"The Role of Omega-3 in the Prevention and Treatment of Sarcopenia","volume":"31","author":"Dupont","year":"2019","journal-title":"Aging Clin Exp Res"},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1186\/s12989-022-00462-1","article-title":"Combined Exposure to Fine Particulate Matter and High Glucose Aggravates Endothelial Damage by Increasing Inflammation and Mitophagy: The Involvement of Vitamin D","volume":"19","author":"Lai","year":"2022","journal-title":"Part Fibre Toxicol"},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12020575","article-title":"Vitamin D and Endothelial Function","volume":"12","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.2729","article-title":"Foxo1 Mediates Vitamin D Deficiency-Induced Insulin Resistance in Skeletal Muscle","volume":"31","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.12995","article-title":"B-Cell Signalling and Insulin Secretagogues: A Path for Improved Diabetes Therapy","volume":"19","author":"Seino","year":"2017","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes Metab"},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioorg.2018.02.009","article-title":"Thiazolidinediones as Antidiabetic Agents: A Critical Review","volume":"77","author":"Nanjan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bioorg Chem"},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11010066","article-title":"Skp-Sc-Evs Mitigate Denervated Muscle Atrophy by Inhibiting Oxidative Stress and Inflammation and Improving Microcirculation","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Antioxidants (Basel)"},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117045","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2019.117045","article-title":"Inhibition of Jak-Stat and Nf-\u03bab Signalling Systems Could be a Novel Therapeutic Target Against Insulin Resistance and Type 2 Diabetes","volume":"239","author":"Bako","year":"2019","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8960","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21238960","article-title":"A Molecular Perspective on the Potential Benefits of Metformin for the Treatment of Inflammatory Skin Disorders","volume":"21","author":"Chang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Endocrinology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fendo.2022.917113\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,30]],"date-time":"2022-06-30T00:41:02Z","timestamp":1656549662000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fendo.2022.917113\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,30]]},"references-count":118,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fendo.2022.917113"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fendo.2022.917113","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-2392"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-2392","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,30]]},"article-number":"917113"}}