{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T12:30:16Z","timestamp":1792845016958,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,28]],"date-time":"2022-07-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1658966400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100016807","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shenyang City","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100016807","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Endocrinol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain (Tim) proteins are immunomodulatory molecules that play key roles in the regulation of T-cell activation. Published studies have reported that Tim molecules are involved in the pathogenesis of certain autoimmune diseases. Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disease in which T cells mediate the destruction of islet \u03b2 cells. However, the expression of Tim molecules in T1D remains unclear. In this study, we measured the expression of Tim family molecules as well as T-cell subset-specific transcription factors in T1D patients, and we explored the possible involvement of Tim molecules in the pathogenesis of T1D.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Ninety T1D patients, Thirty-six type 2 diabetes (T2D) patients and forty healthy controls (HCs) were recruited for this study. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were isolated, RNA was extracted from the PBMCs and reverse transcribed into cDNA, and gene expression patterns were analysed by RT\u2013qPCR. The expression of Tim molecules in different T-cell subsets was analysed by flow cytometry.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Compared with that in HCs, the mRNA expression of Tim-1 and RORC was increased in T1D patients (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>=0.0355 and <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>=0.0423, respectively), while the expression of Tim-3 was decreased (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>=0.0013). In addition, compared with HCs, the ratio of Tim-3 to Tim-1 expression in diabetic patients was decreased (<jats:italic>P&amp;lt;<\/jats:italic>0.0001 for T1D and <jats:italic>P=<\/jats:italic>0.0387 for T2D). The ratios of T-Bet to GATA3 expression and RORC to FOXP3 expression were higher in T1D patients than in HCs (<jats:italic>P=<\/jats:italic>0.0042 and <jats:italic>P=<\/jats:italic>0.0066, respectively). Furthermore, the T1D patients with defective islet function had more significant imbalances in the Tim-3\/Tim-1 and RORC\/FOXP3 ratios (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&amp;lt;0.0001, and <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>=0.001, respectively). Moreover, Both Tim-3 expression in CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> T cells and the Tim-3 to Tim-1 ratio were elevated in T1D in the remission phase compared to T1D.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our study revealed altered expression of Tim molecules in T1D patients. The imbalanced ratios of Tim-3\/Tim-1 expression were more pronounced in T1D patients with defective islet function. However, alterations in Tim molecule expression are mitigated in T1D in the remission phase. All these findings suggest that Tim family molecules may be involved in the pathogenesis of T1D.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.937109","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,28]],"date-time":"2022-07-28T09:59:15Z","timestamp":1659002355000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Altered expression of Tim family molecules and an imbalanced ratio of Tim-3 to Tim-1 expression in patients with type 1 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