{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,4]],"date-time":"2026-11-04T17:14:18Z","timestamp":1793812458164,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,1]],"date-time":"2022-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1659312000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Endocrinol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The short-term effects of microwave ablation (MWA) for the treatment of benign thyroid nodules (BTNs) were satisfactory in previous studies. However, as a slowly progressing disease, the long-term efficacy of MWA for BTNs at present is not clear. Our study aim was to assess the long-term results of MWA for BTNs after a 48-month follow-up.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>From June 2015 to September 2017, 148 patients had 148 BTNs. All patients were from the China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University. Careful ultrasound examinations were performed 1 day, 1 month, 3 months, 6 months, 12 months, and every 6 months after MWA. The volume, volume reduction rate (VRR), recurrence rate of the ablated area and thyroid function were recorded.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The mean volumes of the 148 nodules were 15.6 \u00b1 9.4 cm\n                      <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n                      (range: 1.3-48.9 cm\n                      <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n                      ) and 0.6 \u00b1 0.6 cm\n                      <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n                      (range: 0-3.5 cm\n                      <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n                      ) before and 48 months after MWA, respectively, with a nodule VRR of 96.9 \u00b1 2.5% (range: 90.4-100%). Two patients (1.35%) had recurrence after MWA. Compared with thyroid function before MWA, no significant variation was observed after MWA. Five patients experienced complications (3.38%): two patients (1.35%) had bleeding, two patients (1.35%) had ear pain and toothache during MWA, and one patient (0.68%) had hoarseness after MWA. No cases of oesophageal injury, tracheal injury, infection, skin burns, etc., were reported during or after MWA.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Based on a long-term follow-up, MWA is an effective method for treating BTNs and is expected to be a potential first-line treatment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.941137","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,1]],"date-time":"2022-08-01T12:30:39Z","timestamp":1659357039000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Long-term outcome of microwave ablation for benign thyroid nodules: Over 48-month follow-up 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