{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T02:06:28Z","timestamp":1793239588045,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":101,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,26]],"date-time":"2022-07-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1658793600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Endocrinol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Male sex determination in mammals is initiated by SRY, a Y-encoded transcription factor. The protein contains a high-mobility-group (HMG) box mediating sequence-specific DNA bending. Mutations causing XY gonadal dysgenesis (Swyer syndrome) cluster in the box and ordinarily arise<jats:italic>de novo<\/jats:italic>. Rare inherited variants lead to male development in one genetic background (the father) but not another (his sterile XY daughter).<jats:italic>De novo<\/jats:italic>and inherited mutations occur at an invariant Tyr adjoining the motif\u2019s basic tail (box position 72; Y127 in SRY). In SRY-responsive cell lines CH34 and LNCaP,<jats:italic>de novo<\/jats:italic>mutations Y127H and Y127C reduced SRY activity (as assessed by transcriptional activation of principal target gene<jats:italic>Sox9<\/jats:italic>) by 5- and 8-fold, respectively. Whereas Y127H impaired testis-specific enhancer assembly, Y127C caused accelerated proteasomal proteolysis; activity was in part rescued by proteasome inhibition. Inherited variant Y127F was better tolerated: its expression was unperturbed, and activity was reduced by only twofold, a threshold similar to other inherited variants. Biochemical studies of wild-type (WT) and variant HMG boxes demonstrated similar specific DNA affinities (within a twofold range), with only subtle differences in sharp DNA bending as probed by permutation gel electrophoresis and fluorescence resonance-energy transfer (FRET); thermodynamic stabilities of the free boxes were essentially identical. Such modest perturbations are within the range of species variation. Whereas our cell-based findings rationalize the<jats:italic>de novo<\/jats:italic>genotype-phenotype relationships, a molecular understanding of inherited mutation Y127F remains elusive. Our companion study uncovers cryptic biophysical perturbations suggesting that the<jats:italic>para<\/jats:italic>-OH group of Y127 anchors a novel water-mediated DNA clamp.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.945030","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,26]],"date-time":"2022-07-26T04:41:52Z","timestamp":1658810512000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Tenuous Transcriptional Threshold of Human Sex Determination. I. SRY and Swyer Syndrome at the Edge of Ambiguity"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Yen-Shan","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph D.","family":"Racca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael A.","family":"Weiss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1043-2760(01)00541-0","article-title":"Sex With Two Sox On: Sry and Sox9 in Testis Development","volume":"13","author":"Clarkson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0043380","article-title":"Global Genome Analysis of the Downstream Binding Targets of Testis Determining Factor Sry and 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