{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T19:27:55Z","timestamp":1791919675834,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,27]],"date-time":"2022-07-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1658880000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010438","name":"Francis Crick Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010438","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Endocrinol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>The median eminence (ME) is part of the neuroendocrine system (NES) that functions as a crucial interface between the hypothalamus and pituitary gland. The ME contains many non-neuronal cell types, including oligodendrocytes, oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs), tanycytes, astrocytes, pericytes, microglia and other immune cells, which may be involved in the regulation of NES function. For example, in mice, ablation of tanycytes (a special class of ependymal glia with stem cell-like functions) results in weight gain, feeding, insulin insensitivity and increased visceral adipose, consistent with the demonstrated ability of these cells to sense and transport both glucose and leptin, and to differentiate into neurons that control feeding and metabolism in the hypothalamus. To give a further example, OPCs in the ME of mice have been shown to rapidly respond to dietary signals, in turn controlling composition of the extracellular matrix in the ME, derived from oligodendrocyte-lineage cells, which may contribute to the previously described role of these cells in actively maintaining leptin-receptor-expressing dendrites in the ME. In this review, we explore and discuss recent advances such as these, that have developed our understanding of how the various cell types of the ME contribute to its function in the NES as the interface between the hypothalamus and pituitary gland. We also highlight avenues of future research which promise to uncover additional functions of the ME and the glia, stem and progenitor cells it contains.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.953995","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,27]],"date-time":"2022-07-27T00:34:32Z","timestamp":1658882072000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["The Properties and Functions of Glial Cell Types of the Hypothalamic Median Eminence"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Richard W.","family":"Clayton","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robin","family":"Lovell-Badge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christophe","family":"Galichet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2014.10.023","article-title":"The Hypothalamus","volume":"24","author":"Saper","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr Biol"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.22273","article-title":"Differential Distribution of Tight Junction Proteins Suggests a Role for Tanycytes in Blood-Hypothalamus Barrier Regulation in the Adult Mouse Brain","volume":"518","author":"Mullier","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Comp Neurol"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2016.04.013","article-title":"Adult NG2-Glia Are Required for Median Eminence-Mediated Leptin Sensing and Body Weight Control","volume":"23","author":"Djogo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/S0074-7696(05)47003-5","article-title":"Hypothalamic Tanycytes: A Key Component of Brain-Endocrine Interaction","volume":"247","author":"Rodriguez","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int Rev Cytol"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2288","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-22640-z","article-title":"Hypothalamic Rax(+) Tanycytes Contribute to Tissue Repair and Tumorigenesis Upon Oncogene Activation in Mice","volume":"12","author":"Mu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3079","article-title":"Tanycytes of the Hypothalamic Median Eminence Form a Diet-Responsive Neurogenic Niche","volume":"15","author":"Lee","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00109-019-01799-5","article-title":"The Median Eminence as the Hypothalamic Area Involved in Rapid Transfer of Glucose to the Brain: Functional and Cellular Mechanisms","volume":"97","author":"Martinez","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Mol Med (Berl)"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1987","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.23817","article-title":"Tanycyte Ablation in the Arcuate Nucleus and Median Eminence Increases Obesity Susceptibility by Increasing Body Fat Content in Male Mice","volume":"68","author":"Yoo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s42255-021-00432-5","article-title":"Leptin Brain Entry via a Tanycytic LepR-EGFR Shuttle Controls Lipid Metabolism and Pancreas Function","volume":"3","author":"Duquenne","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Metab"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.0007-1331.2001.00772.x","article-title":"Glial-Neuronal-Endothelial Interactions are Involved in the Control of GnRH Secretion","volume":"14","author":"Prevot","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Neuroendocrinol"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2019.00240","article-title":"Tanycyte-Independent Control of Hypothalamic Leptin Signaling","volume":"13","author":"Yoo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109362","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.109362","article-title":"Nutritional Regulation of Oligodendrocyte Differentiation Regulates Perineuronal Net Remodeling in the Median Eminence","volume":"36","author":"Kohnke","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jne.12726","article-title":"Astrocytes in Neuroendocrine Systems: An Overview","volume":"31","author":"MacDonald","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Neuroendocrinol"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2010-1434","article-title":"The Synaptic Cell Adhesion Molecule, SynCAM1, Mediates Astrocyte-to-Astrocyte and Astrocyte-to-GnRH Neuron Adhesiveness in the Mouse Hypothalamus","volume":"152","author":"Sandau","year":"2011","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/db16-0586","article-title":"Inhibiting Microglia Expansion Prevents Diet-Induced Hypothalamic and Peripheral Inflammation","volume":"66","author":"Andre","year":"2017","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-018-1099-4","article-title":"Brain Glucose-Sensing Mechanism and Energy Homeostasis","volume":"56","author":"Lopez-Gambero","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol Neurobiol"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2016.08.020","article-title":"Pivotal Role of Median Eminence Tanycytes for Hypothalamic Function and Neurogenesis","volume":"445","author":"Rizzoti","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol Cell Endocrinol"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2010.01.003","article-title":"The Design of Barriers in the Hypothalamus Allows the Median Eminence and the Arcuate Nucleus to Enjoy Private Milieus: The Former Opens to the Portal Blood and the Latter to the Cerebrospinal Fluid","volume":"31","author":"Rodriguez","year":"2010","journal-title":"Peptides"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2437-12.2013","article-title":"Fgf10-Expressing Tanycytes Add New Neurons to the Appetite\/Energy-Balance Regulating Centers of the Postnatal and Adult Hypothalamus","volume":"33","author":"Haan","year":"2013","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurosci"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136633","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2022.136633","article-title":"Transcytosis of Tanycytes in the Circumventricular Organs of Adult Mouse Brain","volume":"779","author":"Okamoto","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2014.00157","article-title":"Dietary and Sex-Specific Factors Regulate Hypothalamic Neurogenesis in Young Adult Mice","volume":"8","author":"Lee","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2013.03.004","article-title":"Tanycytic VEGF-A Boosts Blood-Hypothalamus Barrier Plasticity and Access of Metabolic Signals to the Arcuate Nucleus in Response to Fasting","volume":"17","author":"Langlet","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8049","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22158049","article-title":"High-Fat Diet Impairs Mouse Median Eminence: A Study by Transmission and Scanning Electron Microscopy Coupled With Raman Spectroscopy","volume":"22","author":"Severi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci 22"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-4644(20010315)80:4<491::AID-JCB1003>3.0.CO;2-7","article-title":"Elevated Expression of Glucose Transporter-1 in Hypothalamic Ependymal Cells Not Involved in the Formation of the Brain-Cerebrospinal Fluid Barrier","volume":"80","author":"Garcia","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Cell Biochem"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1007\/s002219900289","article-title":"A Second Look at the Barriers of the Medial Basal Hypothalamus","volume":"132","author":"Peruzzo","year":"2000","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2013.12.015","article-title":"Hypothalamic Tanycytes are an ERK-Gated Conduit for Leptin Into the Brain","volume":"19","author":"Balland","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e140521","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI140521","article-title":"Tanycytic Networks Mediate Energy Balance by Feeding Lactate to Glucose-Insensitive POMC Neurons","volume":"131","author":"Lhomme","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Invest."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106438","DOI":"10.1016\/j.domaniend.2020.106438","article-title":"Nutritionally Induced Tanycytic Plasticity in the Hypothalamus of Adult Ewes","volume":"72","author":"Prezotto","year":"2020","journal-title":"Domest Anim Endocrinol"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6385","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms7385","article-title":"Semaphorin7A Regulates Neuroglial Plasticity in the Adult Hypothalamic Median Eminence","volume":"6","author":"Parkash","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2826.2010.02033.x","article-title":"Gonadotrophin-Releasing Hormone Nerve Terminals, Tanycytes and Neurohaemal Junction Remodelling in the Adult Median Eminence: Functional Consequences for Reproduction and Dynamic Role of Vascular Endothelial Cells","volume":"22","author":"Prevot","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Neuroendocrinol"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jne.12733","article-title":"The Median Eminence Detects and Responds to Circulating Prolactin in the Male Mouse","volume":"31","author":"Kirk","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Neuroendocrinol"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jne.13079","article-title":"Tanycyte Specific Ablation of Diacylglycerol Lipase Alpha Stimulates the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Thyroid Axis by Decreasing the Endocannabinoid Mediated Inhibition of TRH Release","volume":"34","author":"Kovari","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Neuroendocrinol"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100921","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2020.100921","article-title":"A Glial-Neuronal Circuit in the Median Eminence Regulates Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone-Release via the Endocannabinoid System","volume":"23","author":"Farkas","year":"2020","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2014-1885","article-title":"Fasting Enhances Pyroglutamyl Peptidase II Activity in Tanycytes of the Mediobasal Hypothalamus of Male Adult Rats","volume":"156","author":"Lazcano","year":"2015","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-00604-6","article-title":"Tanycytes Control the Hormonal Output of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Thyroid Axis","volume":"8","author":"Muller-Fielitz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-017-0562-7","article-title":"Pregnancy: Effect on Multiple Sclerosis, Treatment Considerations, and Breastfeeding","volume":"14","author":"Voskuhl","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics"},{"key":"B37","article-title":"Growth Hormone Response to Clonidine Administration for Evaluation of Autonomic Dysfunction in Multiple Sclerosis Patients","volume":"8","author":"Petrescu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Maedica (Bucur)"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"836486","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/836486","article-title":"Growth Hormone and Disease Severity in Early Stage of Multiple Sclerosis","volume":"2013","author":"Gironi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mult Scler Int"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/7854_2017_28","article-title":"Oxytocin and Prader-Willi Syndrome","volume":"35","author":"Kabasakalian","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr Top Behav Neurosci"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.047951","article-title":"Age-Dependent Fate and Lineage Restriction of Single NG2 Cells","volume":"138","author":"Zhu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.004895","article-title":"NG2 Cells Generate Both Oligodendrocytes and Gray Matter Astrocytes","volume":"135","author":"Zhu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2495","article-title":"Polydendrocytes (NG2 Cells): Multifunctional Cells With Lineage Plasticity","volume":"10","author":"Nishiyama","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108047","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2020.108047","article-title":"Fractalkine-Dependent Microglial Pruning of Viable Oligodendrocyte Progenitor Cells Regulates Myelination","volume":"32","author":"Nemes-Baran","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/febs.16190","article-title":"Microglia Phagocytose Oligodendrocyte Progenitor Cells and Synapses During Early Postnatal Development: Implications for White Versus Gray Matter Maturation","volume":"289","author":"Irfan","year":"2022","journal-title":"FEBS J"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1111\/cen3.12358","article-title":"Novel Roles of Oligodendrocyte Precursor Cells in the Developing and Damaged Brain","volume":"8","author":"Maki","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Exp Neuroimmunol"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2015.10.046","article-title":"Genetic and Stress-Induced Loss of NG2 Glia Triggers Emergence of Depressive-Like Behaviors Through Reduced Secretion of FGF2","volume":"88","author":"Birey","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2020.00198","article-title":"Overview of General and Discriminating Markers of Differential Microglia Phenotypes","volume":"14","author":"Jurga","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Cell Neurosci"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imlet.2022.04.001","article-title":"Life and Death of Microglia: Mechanisms Governing Microglial States and Fates","volume":"245","author":"Matsudaira","year":"2022","journal-title":"Immunol Lett"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.00698","article-title":"Microglia and Beyond: Innate Immune Cells As Regulators of Brain Development and Behavioral Function","volume":"9","author":"Lenz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s42255-019-0040-0","article-title":"Hypothalamic Microglia as Potential Regulators of Metabolic Physiology","volume":"1","author":"Valdearcos","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Metab"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/npr2.12225","article-title":"Changes in Median Eminence of Fatty Acid-Binding Protein 3 in a Mouse Model of Pain","volume":"42","author":"Tachibana","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacol Rep"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-020-01811-7","article-title":"Embryonic Microglia Influence Developing Hypothalamic Glial Populations","volume":"17","author":"Marsters","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Neuroinflamm"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22864","DOI":"10.1038\/srep22864","article-title":"Estrogen Ameliorates Microglial Activation by Inhibiting the Kir2","volume":"6","author":"Wu","year":"2016","journal-title":"1 inward-rectifier K(+) channel. Sci Rep"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnint.2013.00053","article-title":"Missing and Possible Link Between Neuroendocrine Factors, Neuropsychiatric Disorders, and Microglia","volume":"7","author":"Kato","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front Integr Neurosci"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.2003.01544.x","article-title":"Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone Induces Proliferation and TNF-Alpha Release in Cultured Rat Microglia via MAP Kinase Signalling Pathways","volume":"84","author":"Wang","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2006.03933.x","article-title":"Induction of Microglial Apoptosis by Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone","volume":"98","author":"Ock","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2019.08.053","article-title":"Microglia Biology: One Century of Evolving Concepts","volume":"179","author":"Prinz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.1000527","article-title":"Microglial Interactions With Synapses are Modulated by Visual Experience","volume":"8","author":"Tremblay","year":"2010","journal-title":"PloS Biol"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(89)90409-0","article-title":"Microglia in the Neurohypophysis Associate With and Endocytose Terminal Portions of Neurosecretory Neurons","volume":"33","author":"Pow","year":"1989","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2017.05.015","article-title":"Microglial Inflammatory Signaling Orchestrates the Hypothalamic Immune Response to Dietary Excess and Mediates Obesity Susceptibility","volume":"26","author":"Valdearcos","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5243","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22105243","article-title":"Microglia-Neuron Crosstalk in Obesity: Melodious Interaction or Kiss of Death? Int","volume":"22","author":"Leon","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Mol Sci 22"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-009-0619-8","article-title":"Astrocytes: Biology and Pathology","volume":"119","author":"Sofroniew","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aab3103","article-title":"Neurons Diversify Astrocytes in the Adult Brain Through Sonic Hedgehog Signaling","volume":"351","author":"Farmer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2017.00300","article-title":"Resolving Astrocyte Heterogeneity in the CNS","volume":"11","author":"Farmer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Cell Neurosci"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.10272","article-title":"GABAA Receptor-Expressing Astrocytes in the Supraoptic Nucleus Lack Glutamate Uptake and Receptor Currents","volume":"44","author":"Israel","year":"2003","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.20762","article-title":"Differential erbB Signaling in Astrocytes From the Cerebral Cortex and the Hypothalamus of the Human Brain","volume":"57","author":"Sharif","year":"2009","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jne.13104","article-title":"The Polygamous GnRH Neuron: Astrocytic and Tanycytic Communication With a Neuroendocrine Neuronal Population","volume":"34","author":"Prevot","year":"2022","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neuroendocrinol."},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-018-0286-y","article-title":"Role of Astrocytes, Microglia, and Tanycytes in Brain Control of Systemic Metabolism","volume":"22","author":"Garcia-Caceres","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00540-018-2548-y","article-title":"Remifentanil Suppresses Increase in Interleukin-6 mRNA in the Brain by Inhibiting Cyclic AMP Synthesis","volume":"32","author":"Maeda","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Anesth"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yfrne.2010.05.003","article-title":"Function-Related Structural Plasticity of the GnRH System: A Role for Neuronal-Glial-Endothelial Interactions","volume":"31","author":"Prevot","year":"2010","journal-title":"Front Neuroendocrinol"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e144239","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI144239","article-title":"Hunger-Promoting AgRP Neurons Trigger an Astrocyte-Mediated Feed-Forward Autoactivation Loop in Mice","volume":"131","author":"Varela","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Invest."},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2021.673132","article-title":"Novel Tools and Investigative Approaches for the Study of Oligodendrocyte Precursor Cells (NG2-Glia) in CNS Development and Disease","volume":"15","author":"Galichet","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Cell Neurosci"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2020.04.020","article-title":"MCH Neurons Regulate Permeability of the Median Eminence Barrier","volume":"107","author":"Jiang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.1001808","article-title":"Brain Endothelial Cells Control Fertility Through Ovarian-Steroid-Dependent Release of Semaphorin 3A","volume":"12","author":"Giacobini","year":"2014","journal-title":"PloS Biol"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-021-02183-2","article-title":"Visceral Adipose Tissue Imparts Peripheral Macrophage Influx Into the Hypothalamus","volume":"18","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Neuroinflamm"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"934","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2018.09.070","article-title":"Hypothalamic Macrophage Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase Mediates Obesity-Associated Hypothalamic Inflammation","volume":"25","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-022-02519-6","article-title":"Perivascular Macrophages in High-Fat Diet-Induced Hypothalamic Inflammation","volume":"19","author":"Mendes","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Neuroinflamm"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1433","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2021.05.017","article-title":"Leptin Receptor-Expressing Pericytes Mediate Access of Hypothalamic Feeding Centers to Circulating Leptin","volume":"33","author":"Butiaeva","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Metab"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Endocrinology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fendo.2022.953995\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,27]],"date-time":"2022-07-27T00:34:36Z","timestamp":1658882076000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fendo.2022.953995\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,27]]},"references-count":78,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fendo.2022.953995"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fendo.2022.953995","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-2392"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-2392","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,27]]},"article-number":"953995"}}