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To give access to the broader audience, we start with a gentle introduction to deep learning and its most commonly used architectures, and then we focus on the research trends of deep learning applications in thyroid dysfunction classification and precocious puberty diagnosis. We highlight the strengths and weaknesses of various approaches and discuss potential solutions to different challenges. We also go through the practical considerations useful for choosing (and building) the deep learning model, as well as for understanding the thought process behind different decisions made by these models. 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