{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T16:00:38Z","timestamp":1792512038761,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,25]],"date-time":"2022-08-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661385600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Endocrinol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Lower BMI cutoffs as compared to standard cut-offs have been recommended to reduce the risk of obesity-related co-morbidities in some ethnic populations (e.g. south Asian and Chinese populations). Recent attempts have also been made to establish ethnicity-specific BMI cutoffs to identify individuals affected with obesity in relation to type 2 diabetes risk in multi-ethnic populations based in the UK and North America. However, to date, there is yet to have any published work done to identify these cut-offs in Central Asia populations nor specify any difference for genders even though the fat distribution varies amongst the different ethnic groups as well as between the genders. To the best of the authors\u2019 knowledge, this is the first study exploring new BMI and WC cut-offs in this population.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>To address this gap, we used a database of secondary care electronic health records from the National Research Cardiac Surgery Center to identify BMI and waist circumference cutoffs for obesity based on the risk of developing diabetes and other cardiometabolic disorders among 297 adults in Kazakhstan. Bivariate and multivariable logistic regression analysis were utilized to investigate the relationships between risk factors and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). BMI and WC thresholds were predicted using the Youden index.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>For an equivalent age-adjusted and sex-adjusted incidence of type 2 diabetes at a BMI of 30\u00b70 kg\/m<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> in White populations, we found higher BMI cutoffs for Kazakhstani women (30.5 kg\/m<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>) but lower cut-offs for men (28\u00b79 kg\/m<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>). As for waist circumference, the cut-off points for females were 95cm and 104 cm for males.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>For Central Asia populations, the current recommended BMI and WC cutoffs may not be suitable and further work is needed to establish specific cut-offs for this population.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.963352","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,25]],"date-time":"2022-08-25T12:00:40Z","timestamp":1661428840000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Proposing new body mass index and waist circumference cut-offs based on cardiometabolic risks for a Central Asia population: A feasibility study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Aknur","family":"Kali","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arnur","family":"Gusmanov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marat","family":"Aripov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mei-Yen","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","unstructured":""},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2020.05.020","article-title":"Quarantine during COVID19 outbreak: Changes in diet and physical activity increase tehe risk of cardiovascular disease","author":"Mattioli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutrition Metab Cardiovasc Diseases"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1016\/s0899-9007(97)00191-3","article-title":"Body fat distribution, insulin resistance and metabolic diseases","volume":"13","author":"Bjorntorp","year":"1997","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjdrc-2021-002246","article-title":"Anthropometric cut-offs to identify hyperglycemia in an afro-Caribbean population: a cross-sectional Population based study from Barbados","volume":"9","author":"Alisha","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)15268-3","article-title":"Appropriate body-mass index for Asian populations and its implications for policy and intervention strategies","volume":"363","year":"2004","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B6","volume-title":"Obesity: Preventing and managing the global epidemic: Report on a WHO consultation (WHO technical report series 894)","year":"2000"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1079\/BJN2000273","article-title":"Universal cut-off BMI points for obesity are not appropriate","volume":"85","author":"Deurenberg","year":"2001","journal-title":"Br J Nutr"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.2951123","article-title":"A proposal for the cutoff point of waist circumference for the diagnosis of metabolic syndrome in the Japanese population","volume":"29","author":"Kazuo","year":"2006","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arcmed.2006.10.014","article-title":"High frequency of cardiovascular risk factors in overweight adult Japanese subjects","volume":"38","author":"Yang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arch Med Res"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/79.1.31","article-title":"Body mass index and obesity-related metabolic disorders in Taiwanese and US whites and blacks: implications for definitions of overweight and obesity for asians","volume":"79","author":"Pan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-6047.11.s8.9.x","article-title":"Predictive values of body mass index and waist circumference for risk factors of certain related diseases in Chinese adults: study on optimal cut-off points of body mass index and waist circumference in Chinese adults","volume":"15","author":"Zhou","year":"2002","journal-title":"BioMed Environ Sci"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/80.5.1129","article-title":"Appropriate body mass index and waist circumference cutoffs for categorization of overweight and central adiposity among Chinese adults","volume":"80","author":"Wildman","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"B13","volume-title":"Waist circumference and waist-hip ratio. report of a WHO consultation","year":"2008"},{"key":"B14","article-title":"Obesity: Preventing and managing the global epidemic","author":"Akram","year":"2000","journal-title":"World Health Organization - 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