{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T06:30:26Z","timestamp":1792218626265,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":312,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,17]],"date-time":"2023-01-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1673913600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Endocrinol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>It is estimated that more and more couples suffer from fertility and pregnancy maintenance disorders. It is associated with impaired androgen secretion, which is influenced by many factors, ranging from genetic to environmental. It is also important to remember that fertility disorders can also result from abnormal anatomy of the reproductive male and female organ (congenital uterine anomalies \u2013 septate, unicornuate, bicornuate uterus; acquired defects of the uterus structure \u2013 fibroids, polyps, hypertrophy), disturbed hormonal cycle and obstruction of the fallopian tubes resulting from the presence of adhesions due to inflammation, endometriosis, and surgery, abnormal rhythm of menstrual bleeding, the abnormal concentration of hormones. There are many relationships between the endocrine organs, leading to a chain reaction when one of them fails to function properly. Conditions in which the immune system is involved, including infections and autoimmune diseases, also affect fertility. The form of treatment depends on infertility duration and the patient\u2019s age. It includes ovulation stimulation with clomiphene citrate or gonadotropins, metformin use, and weight loss interventions. Since so many different factors affect fertility, it is important to correctly diagnose what is causing the problem and to modify the treatment regimen if necessary. This review describes disturbances in the hormone secretion of individual endocrine organs in the context of fertility and the maintenance of pregnancy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.970439","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,17]],"date-time":"2023-01-17T06:06:26Z","timestamp":1673935586000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":54,"title":["Endocrine disorders and fertility and pregnancy: An update"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Anna","family":"Bendarska-Czerwi\u0144ska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nikola","family":"Zmarz\u0142y","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emilia","family":"Morawiec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Agata","family":"Panfil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kamil","family":"Bry\u015b","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Justyna","family":"Czarniecka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aleksander","family":"Ostenda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Konrad","family":"Dziobek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dorota","family":"Sagan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dariusz","family":"Boro\u0144","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Piotr","family":"Michalski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Veronica","family":"Pallazo-Michalska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beniamin Oskar","family":"Grabarek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.5603\/GP.a2020.0142","article-title":"Assisted reproductive medicine in Poland, 2013-2016: Polish society of reproductive medicine and embryology (PTMRiE) and fertility and sterility special interest group of the polish society of gynaecologists and obstetricians (SPiN PTGiP) report","volume":"92","author":"Janicka","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ginekol Pol"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiochem.2018.03.012","article-title":"Fertility and infertility: Definition and epidemiology","volume":"62","author":"Vander Borght","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Biochem"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1186\/s12958-018-0336-z","article-title":"Obesity as disruptor of the female fertility","volume":"16","author":"Silvestris","year":"2018","journal-title":"Reprod Biol Endocrinol"},{"key":"B4","article-title":"Diagnostyka i leczenie niep\u0142odno\u015bci \u2014 rekomendacje polskiego towarzystwa medycyny rozrodu i embriologii (PTMRiE) oraz polskiego towarzystwa ginekolog\u00f3w i po\u0142o\u017cnik\u00f3w (PTGP)","volume":"3","author":"\u0141ukaszuk","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ginekol Perinatol Prakt"},{"key":"B5","first-page":"7","article-title":"Technologie medyczne w diagnostyce m\u0119skiej niep\u0142odno\u015bci","volume":"1","author":"Wdowiak","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur J Med Technol"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5468\/ogs.2018.61.2.179","article-title":"Clinical assessment of the male fertility","volume":"61","author":"Khatun","year":"2018","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol Sci"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17772\/gp\/60549","article-title":"Assisted reproductive medicine in Poland \u2013 fertility and sterility special interest group of the polish gynaecological society (SPiN PTG) 2012 report","volume":"86","author":"Janicka","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ginekol Pol"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2015.03.019","article-title":"Practice committee of the American society for reproductive medicine. 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