{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T12:23:51Z","timestamp":1781785431682,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,8]],"date-time":"2022-09-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1662595200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Endocrinol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>To identify the biomarkers in the critical period of development in diabetic retinopathy (DR) in Chinese with type 2 diabetes using targeted and untargeted metabolomics, and to explore the feasibility of their clinical application<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>This case-control study described the differential metabolites between 83 Chinese type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) samples with disease duration \u2265 10 years and 27 controls matched cases. Targeted metabolomics using high-resolution mass spectrometry with liquid chromatography was performed on plasma samples of subjects. The results were compared to our previous untargeted metabolomics study and ELISA was performed to validate the mutual differential metabolites of targeted and untargeted metabolomics on plasma. Multiple linear regression analyses were performed to adjust for the significance of different metabolites between groups.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Result<\/jats:title><jats:p>Mean age of the subjects was 66.3 years and mean T2DM duration was 16.5 years. By cross-validating with results from previous untargeted metabolomic assays, we found that L-Citrulline (Cit), indoleacetic acid (IAA), 1-methylhistidine (1-MH), phosphatidylcholines (PCs), hexanoylcarnitine, chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) were the most distinctive metabolites biomarkers to distinguish the severity of DR for two different metabolomic approaches in our study. We mainly found that samples in the DR stage showed lower serum level of Cit and higher serum level of IAA compared with samples in the T2DM stage, while during the progression of diabetic retinopathy, the serum levels of CDCA and EPA in PDR stage were significantly lower than NPDR stage. Among them, 4 differential key metabolites including Cit, IAA, CDCA and EPA were confirmed with ELISA.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>This is the first study to compare the results of targeted and untargeted metabolomics <jats:italic>via<\/jats:italic> liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to find the serum biomarkers which could reflect the metabolic variations among different stages of DR in Chinese. The progression of DR in Chinese at different critical stages was related to the serum levels of specific differential metabolites, of which there is a significant correlation between DR progression and increased IAA and decreased Cit, hexanoylcarnitine, CDCA, and EPA. However, larger studies are needed to confirm our results. Based on this study, it could be inferred that the accuracy of targeted metabolomics for metabolite expression in serum is to some extent higher than that of untargeted metabolomics.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.986303","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,8]],"date-time":"2022-09-08T05:15:05Z","timestamp":1662614105000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Metabolomic comparison followed by cross-validation of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to reveal potential biomarkers of diabetic retinopathy in Chinese with type 2 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