{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T00:34:22Z","timestamp":1768264462577,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,7]],"date-time":"2022-10-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1665100800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Endocrinol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Bile acids are important signaling molecules that might activate hypothalamic neurons. This study aimed to investigate possible changes in hypothalamic pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons after biliary diversion in diabetic rats.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Ten GK rats were randomly divided into the biliary diversion (BD) and sham groups. The glucose metabolism, hypothalamic POMC expression, serum bile acid profiles, and ileal bile acid-specific receptors of the two groups were analyzed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Biliary diversion improved blood glucose (P = 0.001) and glucose tolerance (P = 0.001). RNA-Seq of the hypothalamus showed significantly upregulated expression of the POMC gene (log2-fold change = 4.1, P &amp;lt; 0.001), which also showed increased expression at the protein (P = 0.030) and mRNA (P = 0.004) levels. The POMC-derived neuropeptide \u03b1-melanocyte stimulating hormone (\u03b1-MSH) was also increased in the hypothalamus (2.21 \u00b1 0.11 ng\/g, P = 0.006). In addition, increased taurocholic acid (TCA) (108.05 \u00b1 20.62 ng\/mL, P = 0.003) and taurodeoxycholic\u00a0acid (TDCA) (45.58 \u00b1 2.74 ng\/mL, P &amp;lt; 0.001) were found in the BD group and induced the enhanced secretion of fibroblast growth factor-15 (FGF15, 74.28 \u00b1 3.44 pg\/ml, P = 0.001) by activating farnesoid X receptor (FXR) that was over-expressed in the ileum.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Hypothalamic POMC neurons were upregulated after BD, and the increased TCA, TDCA, and the downstream gut-derived hormone FGF15 might activate POMC neurons.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.999928","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,7]],"date-time":"2022-10-07T05:35:47Z","timestamp":1665120947000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Upregulation of hypothalamic POMC neurons after biliary diversion in GK 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