{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T07:26:40Z","timestamp":1790666800353,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,21]],"date-time":"2023-02-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1676937600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001665","name":"Agence Nationale de la Recherche","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001665","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001677","name":"Institut National de la Sant\u00e9 et de la Recherche M\u00e9dicale","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001677","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100019125","name":"Sorbonne Universit\u00e9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100019125","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Endocrinol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Congenital Central Hypoventilation Syndrome, a rare disease caused by\n                      <jats:italic>PHOX2B<\/jats:italic>\n                      mutation, is associated with absent or blunted CO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      \/H\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      chemosensitivity due to the dysfunction of PHOX2B neurons of the retrotrapezoid nucleus. No pharmacological treatment is available. Clinical observations have reported non-systematic CO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      \/H\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      chemosensitivity recovery under desogestrel.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Here, we used a preclinical model of Congenital Central Hypoventilation Syndrome, the retrotrapezoid nucleus conditional\n                      <jats:italic>Phox2b<\/jats:italic>\n                      mutant mouse, to investigate whether etonogestrel, the active metabolite of desogestrel, led to a restoration of chemosensitivity by acting on serotonin neurons known to be sensitive to etonogestrel, or retrotrapezoid nucleus PHOX2B residual cells that persist despite the mutation. The influence of etonogestrel on respiratory variables under hypercapnia was investigated using whole-body plethysmographic recording. The effect of etonogestrel, alone or combined with serotonin drugs, on the respiratory rhythm of medullary-spinal cord preparations from\n                      <jats:italic>Phox2b<\/jats:italic>\n                      mutants and wildtype mice was analyzed under metabolic acidosis. c-FOS, serotonin and PHOX2B were immunodetected. Serotonin metabolic pathways were characterized in the\n                      <jats:italic>medulla oblongata<\/jats:italic>\n                      by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We observed etonogestrel restored chemosensitivity in\n                      <jats:italic>Phox2b<\/jats:italic>\n                      mutants in a non-systematic way. Histological differences between\n                      <jats:italic>Phox2b<\/jats:italic>\n                      mutants with restored chemosensitivity and\n                      <jats:italic>Phox2b<\/jats:italic>\n                      mutant without restored chemosensitivity indicated greater activation of serotonin neurons of the\n                      <jats:italic>raphe obscurus<\/jats:italic>\n                      nucleus but no effect on retrotrapezoid nucleus PHOX2B residual cells. Finally, the increase in serotonergic signaling by the fluoxetine application modulated the respiratory effect of etonogestrel differently between\n                      <jats:italic>Phox2b<\/jats:italic>\n                      mutant mice and their WT littermates or WT OF1 mice, a result which parallels with differences in the functional state of serotonergic metabolic pathways between these different mice.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our work thus highlights that serotonin systems were critically important for the occurrence of an etonogestrel-restoration, an element to consider in potential therapeutic intervention in Congenital Central Hypoventilation Syndrome patients.<\/jats:p>\n                  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