{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T04:56:55Z","timestamp":1793422615632,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":13,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,23]],"date-time":"2023-01-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1674432000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Endocrinol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), such as cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4) inhibitors, programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) inhibitors, and programmed cell death protein 1 ligand 1 (PD-L1) inhibitors, are often used to treat a variety of malignancies. ICIs are known to cause endocrine-related immune-related adverse events (irAEs), but the incidence varies among reports and\/or agents. This study evaluated the incidence of endocrine-related irAEs in patients who were treated with ICIs in Japan.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Method<\/jats:title><jats:p>This single-center, retrospective, observational study examined the incidence and clinical characteristics of endocrine-related irAEs in 466 participants who were treated with ICIs at Kawasaki Medical School Hospital.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Result<\/jats:title><jats:p>The mean age of participants with and without endocrine-related irAEs was 69.1 \u00b1 1.8 years and 68.1 \u00b1 1.1 years, respectively, with no difference between them. The overall incidence of any endocrine-related irAEs among the participants was 25.5%. Hypothyroidism was prevalent in 24.3%, hypoadrenocorticism in 3.2%, hypopituitarism in 0.9%, and insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in 1.1%. Participants receiving combination therapy with CTLA-4 and PD-1 inhibitors had a significantly higher incidence of endocrine-related irAEs than those receiving monotherapy.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Endocrine-related irAEs correlated significantly with survival and mean observation period. There was substantial difference in the incidence of endocrine-related irAEs among various types of ICIs and types of cancer. We should bear in mind that endocrine testing is necessary during the treatment with ICIs.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2023.1079074","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,23]],"date-time":"2023-01-23T05:52:13Z","timestamp":1674453133000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Incidence of endocrine-related immune-related adverse events in Japanese subjects with various types of 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