{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T18:09:46Z","timestamp":1793210986475,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,20]],"date-time":"2023-06-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1687219200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["No. 16H05453"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 16H05453"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000071","name":"National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P01 HD084387"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P01 HD084387"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000071","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Endocrinol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) is a disorder with a three-dimensional spinal deformity and is a common disease affecting 1-5% of adolescents. AIS is also known as a complex disease involved in environmental and genetic factors. A relation between AIS and body mass index (BMI) has been epidemiologically and genetically suggested. However, the causal relationship between AIS and BMI remains to be elucidated.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Material and methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis was performed using summary statistics from genome-wide association studies (GWASs) of AIS (Japanese cohort, 5,327 cases, 73,884 controls; US cohort: 1,468 cases, 20,158 controls) and BMI (Biobank Japan: 173430 individual; meta-analysis of genetic investigation of anthropometric traits and UK Biobank: 806334 individuals; European Children cohort: 39620 individuals; Population Architecture using Genomics and Epidemiology: 49335 individuals). In MR analyses evaluating the effect of BMI on AIS, the association between BMI and AIS summary statistics was evaluated using the inverse-variance weighted (IVW) method, weighted median method, and Egger regression (MR-Egger) methods in Japanese.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Significant causality of genetically decreased BMI on risk of AIS was estimated: IVW method (Estimate (beta) [SE] = -0.56 [0.16], p = 1.8 \u00d7 10<jats:sup>-3<\/jats:sup>), weighted median method (beta = -0.56 [0.18], p = 8.5 \u00d7 10<jats:sup>-3<\/jats:sup>) and MR-Egger method (beta = -1.50 [0.43], p = 4.7 \u00d7 10<jats:sup>-3<\/jats:sup>), respectively. Consistent results were also observed when using the US AIS summary statistic in three MR methods; however, no significant causality was observed when evaluating the effect of AIS on BMI.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our Mendelian randomization analysis using large studies of AIS and GWAS for BMI summary statistics revealed that genetic variants contributing to low BMI have a causal effect on the onset of AIS. This result was consistent with those of epidemiological studies and would contribute to the early detection of AIS.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2023.1089414","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,20]],"date-time":"2023-06-20T10:16:36Z","timestamp":1687256196000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Evidence of causality of low body mass index on risk of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: a Mendelian randomization study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Nao","family":"Otomo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anas M.","family":"Khanshour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masaru","family":"Koido","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kazuki","family":"Takeda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yukihide","family":"Momozawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michiaki","family":"Kubo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoichiro","family":"Kamatani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John A.","family":"Herring","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoji","family":"Ogura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yohei","family":"Takahashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shohei","family":"Minami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Koki","family":"Uno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Noriaki","family":"Kawakami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manabu","family":"Ito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tatsuya","family":"Sato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kei","family":"Watanabe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takashi","family":"Kaito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haruhisa","family":"Yanagida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiroshi","family":"Taneichi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katsumi","family":"Harimaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuki","family":"Taniguchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hideki","family":"Shigematsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takahiro","family":"Iida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Satoru","family":"Demura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryo","family":"Sugawara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nobuyuki","family":"Fujita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mitsuru","family":"Yagi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eijiro","family":"Okada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naobumi","family":"Hosogane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katsuki","family":"Kono","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masaya","family":"Nakamura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kazuhiro","family":"Chiba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Toshiaki","family":"Kotani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tsuyoshi","family":"Sakuma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tsutomu","family":"Akazawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Teppei","family":"Suzuki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kotaro","family":"Nishida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenichiro","family":"Kakutani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Taichi","family":"Tsuji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hideki","family":"Sudo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Akira","family":"Iwata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Satoshi","family":"Inami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carol A.","family":"Wise","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuta","family":"Kochi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Morio","family":"Matsumoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shiro","family":"Ikegawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kota","family":"Watanabe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chikashi","family":"Terao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11420-009-9136-5","article-title":"The hospital for special surgery 1955 to 1972: t. Campbell Thompson serves as sixth surgeon-in-Chief 1955-1963 followed by Robert Lee Patterson, jr. @ the seventh surgeon-in-Chief 1963-1972","volume":"6","author":"Levine","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hss J"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.307105061","article-title":"Scoliosis imaging: what radiologists should know","volume":"30","author":"Kim","year":"2010","journal-title":"Radiographics"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199912150-00006","article-title":"Natural history","volume":"24","author":"Weinstein","year":"1999","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00776-010-0009-z","article-title":"A 5-year epidemiological study on the prevalence rate of idiopathic scoliosis in Tokyo: school screening of more than 250,000 children","volume":"16","author":"Ueno","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Orthop Sci"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-200207150-00012","article-title":"Patient and parental perception of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis before and after surgery in comparison with surface and radiographic measurements","volume":"27","author":"Pratt","year":"2002","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-198905000-00001","article-title":"The psychological impact of idiopathic scoliosis on the adolescent female. a preliminary multi-center study","volume":"14","author":"Kahanovitz","year":"1989","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-198163050-00003","article-title":"Idiopathic scoliosis: long-term follow-up and prognosis in untreated patients","volume":"63","author":"Weinstein","year":"1981","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199709010-00014","article-title":"Scoliosis in twins. a meta-analysis of the literature and report of six cases","volume":"22","author":"Kesling","year":"1997","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.80B2.0800212","article-title":"Idiopathic scoliosis in twins studied by DNA fingerprinting: the incidence and type of scoliosis","volume":"80","author":"Inoue","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Br"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1097\/BLO.0b013e318126c062","article-title":"Genetics of familial idiopathic scoliosis","volume":"462","author":"Miller","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.22090","article-title":"Genetic epidemiology and heritability of AIS: a study of 415 Chinese female patients","volume":"30","author":"Tang","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Orthop Res"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3685","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-11596-w","article-title":"Genome-wide association study identifies 14 previously unreported susceptibility loci for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis in Japanese","volume":"10","author":"Kou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddy327","article-title":"Meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies for body fat distribution in 694 649 individuals of European ancestry","volume":"28","author":"Pulit","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hum Mol Genet"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.16.00459","article-title":"Physical activities and lifestyle factors related to adolescent idiopathic scoliosis","volume":"99","author":"Watanabe","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am volume"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.2207","article-title":"Association between components of body composition and scoliosis: a prospective cohort study reporting differences identifiable before the onset of scoliosis","volume":"29","author":"Clark","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.3951","article-title":"Genome-wide association study identifies 112 new loci for body mass index in the Japanese population","volume":"49","author":"Akiyama","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41576-018-0020-3","article-title":"Using genetic data to strengthen causal inference in observational research","volume":"19","author":"Pingault","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Rev Genet"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrcardio.2017.78","article-title":"Mendelian randomization in cardiometabolic disease: challenges in evaluating causality","volume":"14","author":"Holmes","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cardiol"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.34408","article-title":"The MR-base platform supports systematic causal inference across the human phenome","volume":"7","author":"Hemani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-017-0255-x","article-title":"Interpreting findings from mendelian randomization using the MR-egger method","volume":"32","author":"Burgess","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur J Epidemiol"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.974","article-title":"A genome-wide association study identifies common variants near LBX1 associated with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis","volume":"43","author":"Takahashi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.2639","article-title":"Genetic variants in GPR126 are associated with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis","volume":"45","author":"Kou","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2015.06.012","article-title":"A functional SNP in BNC2 is associated with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis","volume":"97","author":"Ogura","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"key":"B24","article-title":"The BioBank Japan project","volume":"5","author":"Nakamura","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Adv Hematol Oncol"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddy306","article-title":"Genome-wide meta-analysis and replication studies in multiple ethnicities identify novel adolescent idiopathic scoliosis susceptibility loci","volume":"27","author":"Khanshour","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hum Mol Genet"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddq571","article-title":"Genome-wide association studies of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis suggest candidate susceptibility genes","volume":"20","author":"Sharma","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hum Mol Genet"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.genom.9.081307.164242","article-title":"Genotype imputation","volume":"10","author":"Li","year":"2009","journal-title":"Annu Rev Genomics Hum Genet"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1008718","article-title":"Novel loci for childhood body mass index and shared heritability with adult cardiometabolic traits","volume":"16","author":"Vogelezang","year":"2020","journal-title":"PloS Genet"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1310-4","article-title":"Genetic analyses of diverse populations improves discovery for complex traits","volume":"570","author":"Wojcik","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0962280210394459","article-title":"Using multiple genetic variants as instrumental variables for modifiable risk factors","volume":"21","author":"Palmer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Stat Methods Med Res"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.610","article-title":"Estimation of effect size distribution from genome-wide association studies and implications for future discoveries","volume":"42","author":"Park","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.3034","article-title":"Mendelian randomization: using genes as instruments for making causal inferences in epidemiology","volume":"27","author":"Lawlor","year":"2008","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-genom-090314-050016","article-title":"Mendelian randomization: new applications in the coming age of hypothesis-free causality","volume":"16","author":"Evans","year":"2015","journal-title":"Annu Rev Genomics Hum Genet"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyv080","article-title":"Mendelian randomization with invalid instruments: effect estimation and bias detection through egger regression","volume":"44","author":"Bowden","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/gepi.21965","article-title":"Consistent estimation in mendelian randomization with some invalid instruments using a weighted median estimator","volume":"40","author":"Bowden","year":"2016","journal-title":"Genet Epidemiol"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-018-0099-7","article-title":"Detection of widespread horizontal pleiotropy in causal relationships inferred from mendelian randomization between complex traits and diseases","volume":"50","author":"Verbanck","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2016.05.001","article-title":"Transethnic genetic-correlation estimates from summary statistics","volume":"99","author":"Brown","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1038\/nature15393","article-title":"A global reference for human genetic variation","volume":"526","author":"Auton","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyt179","article-title":"Calculating statistical power in mendelian randomization studies","volume":"42","author":"Brion","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.2231","article-title":"Meta-analysis identifies nine new loci associated with rheumatoid arthritis in the Japanese population","volume":"44","author":"Okada","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1534\/genetics.110.120907","article-title":"Progress and promise of genome-wide association studies for human complex trait genetics","volume":"187","author":"Stranger","year":"2011","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2007.08.008","article-title":"Do chronic medical conditions increase the risk of eating disorder? a cross-sectional investigation of eating pathology in adolescent females with scoliosis and diabetes","volume":"42","author":"Smith","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Adolesc Health"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-012-2465-y","article-title":"Body composition in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis","volume":"22","author":"Ram\u00edrez","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur Spine J"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2018.5158","article-title":"Differences in obesity prevalence by demographics and urbanization in US children and adolescents, 2013-2016","volume":"319","author":"Ogden","year":"2018","journal-title":"Jama"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2014-2000","article-title":"BMI and magnitude of scoliosis at presentation to a specialty clinic","volume":"135","author":"Gilbert","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/pch\/12.9.771","article-title":"Scoliosis: review of diagnosis and treatment","volume":"12","author":"Janicki","year":"2007","journal-title":"Paediatr Child Health"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-198264040-00002","article-title":"Voluntary school screening for scoliosis in Minnesota","volume":"64","author":"Lonstein","year":"1982","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am volume"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-198811000-00008","article-title":"School screening for scoliosis by the Chiba university medical school screening program. results of 1.24 million students over an 8-year period","volume":"13","author":"Ohtsuka","year":"1988","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/17453678208992208","article-title":"A prospective prevalence study of scoliosis in southern Sweden","volume":"53","author":"Willner","year":"1982","journal-title":"Acta orthopaedica Scandinavica"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2019.115217","article-title":"Persistent low-normal bone mineral density in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis with different curve severity: a longitudinal study from presentation to beyond skeletal maturity and peak bone mass","volume":"133","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0000000000001376","article-title":"Lower muscle mass and body fat in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis are associated with abnormal leptin bioavailability","volume":"41","author":"Tam","year":"2016","journal-title":"Spine"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Endocrinology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fendo.2023.1089414\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,20]],"date-time":"2023-06-20T10:16:40Z","timestamp":1687256200000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fendo.2023.1089414\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,20]]},"references-count":51,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fendo.2023.1089414"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fendo.2023.1089414","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-2392"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-2392","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,20]]},"article-number":"1089414"}}