{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]],"date-time":"2026-05-06T00:48:50Z","timestamp":1778028530904,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,17]],"date-time":"2023-03-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1679011200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Endocrinol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>The prevalence of obesity among women of child-bearing age has contributed to an increased risk of pregnancy complications with a disproportional impact on women of lower socioeconomic status and among certain racial groups. In particular, socio-demographic and historical factors have resulted in higher rates of premature births and small-for-gestational age infants among Black women, which may be associated with placental function during pregnancy. The current study investigated the influence of maternal pre-pregnancy adiposity and race on the associations between inflammatory proteins, placental growth hormone (PGH), and infant birthweight. This information was collected for a subsample of 109 participants (Black, n = 39 vs. White, n = 70) from the Brain and Early Experiences (BEE) study.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Serum samples were acquired late in the second trimester to assess PGH levels, C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin 6 (IL-6), interleukin 8 (IL-8), and interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra). Participant questionnaire responses provided information on pre-pregnancy BMI, health, race, educational attainment, and infant birthweight. Bivariate correlations and multiple linear regression models were utilized to evaluate associations by race between preconception adiposity, inflammatory markers and PGH.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>After controlling for covariates including maternal age and education, gestational age, and fetal sex, regression models indicated that pre-pregnancy BMI was negatively associated with PGH (<jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>=-0.42, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>&amp;lt;0.05) and IL-8 was positively associated with PGH (<jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>=0.35, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>&amp;lt;0.05) among the Black mothers only; neither were significantly associated with PGH in the White mothers. When extending models to birth outcomes, BMI was positively associated with birthweight corrected for gestational age (BWz) (<jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>=0.24, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>&amp;lt;0.05) and educational attainment was negatively associated with BWz (<jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>=0.28, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>&amp;lt;0.05) for infants of White women. In contrast, neither variable was predictive of BWz for infants of Black mothers.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Future work is needed to investigate racial differences in the association between adiposity and placental functioning, which are likely to contribute to differential effects on pregnancy outcomes and fetal growth.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2023.1100724","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,21]],"date-time":"2023-03-21T15:55:28Z","timestamp":1679414128000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Racial differences in the associations between adiposity, placental growth hormone and inflammatory cytokines in pregnant women"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Camille 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