{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T23:46:38Z","timestamp":1789429598296,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,10]],"date-time":"2023-03-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1678406400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Endocrinol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To determine if the leptin, adiponectin, and leptin\/adiponectin ratio (LAR) can predict weight gain at the end of GnRH analogs (GnRHa) treatment in girls with central precocious puberty (CPP).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Material and methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Study design: prospective cohort. Serum levels of leptin and adiponectin were determined at diagnosis of CPP. Anthropometry was performed at diagnosis of CPP and every six-months, until treatment with GnRHa was discontinued and they presented menarche. Patients were divided according to BMI&amp;lt;94 and BMI&amp;gt;95 percentile at diagnosis of CPP. The outcome was the increased in weight gain (e.g., from normal weight to overweight) at the end of follow-up. Statistical analysis: repeated measures ANOVA test and Student\u2019s t-test were used to compare groups. Logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate the association of leptin and adiponectin levels, as well as LAR values with increased weight gain.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Fifty-six CPP patients were studied, 18 had BMI &amp;gt;95 percentile and 38 BMI &amp;lt;94 percentile. Of the 18 patients who initially had BMI &amp;gt;95<jats:sup>th<\/jats:sup>, two patients went from obesity to overweight, while among the 38 patients who started with BMI &amp;lt;94<jats:sup>th<\/jats:sup>, 21 (55.2%) increased their weight gain at the end of follow-up. This last group had higher leptin levels (8.99 \u00b1 0.6 <jats:italic>vs<\/jats:italic> 6.14 \u00b1 0.8, p=0.005) and higher LAR values compared to those who remained in the same weight (1.3 \u00b1 0.5 <jats:italic>vs<\/jats:italic> 0.96 \u00b1 0.56, p=0.01). In the logistic regression analysis, it was found that higher leptin levels and higher LAR values were associated with increased weight gain (RR 1.31, 95%CI 1.03-1.66, RR 4.86, 95%CI 1.10-21.51, respectively), regardless of birth weight, pubertal stage, age, and bone\/chronological age ratio.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>In patients with CPP, leptin levels and higher LAR values appear to be associated with significantly greater weight gain during GhRHa treatment, particularly in girls starting with BMI &amp;lt; 94 percentile.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2023.1101399","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,10]],"date-time":"2023-03-10T05:27:36Z","timestamp":1678426056000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Leptin\/adiponectin ratio as a prognostic factor for increased weight gain in girls with central precocious puberty"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Jessie Nallely","family":"Zurita-Cruz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miguel Angel","family":"Villas\u00eds-Keever","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leticia","family":"Manuel-Apolinar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leticia","family":"Damasio-Santana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eulalia","family":"Garrido-Maga\u00f1a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aleida de Jes\u00fas","family":"Rivera-Hern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","first-page":"55","article-title":"Precocious puberty","volume":"6","author":"Shankar R","year":"1995","journal-title":"Adv Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.104.4.936","article-title":"Reexamination of the age limit for defining when puberty is precocious in girls in the united states: Implications for evaluation and treatment","volume":"104","author":"Kaplowitz","year":"1999","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.70.2.116","article-title":"Sexual precocity: Sex incidence and aetiology","volume":"70","author":"Bridges","year":"1994","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.0300-0664.2001.01490.x","article-title":"Management and outcome of central precocious puberty","volume":"56","author":"Partsch","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/27376","article-title":"Leptin and the regulation of body weight in mammals","volume":"395","author":"Friedman","year":"1998","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5848-09.2010","article-title":"Neurokinin b and dynorphin a in kisspeptin neurons of the arcuate nucleus participate in generation of periodic oscillation of neural activity driving pulsatile gonadotropin-releasing hormone secretion in the goat","volume":"30","author":"Wakabayashi","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI45106","article-title":"Leptin\u2019s effect on puberty in mice is relayed by the ventral premammillary nucleus and does not require signaling in Kiss1 neurons","volume":"121","author":"Donato","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.6065\/apem.2017.22.4.259","article-title":"Treatment outcomes of gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist in obese girls with central precocious puberty","volume":"22","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann Pediatr Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.6065\/apem.2017.22.1.49","article-title":"The different effects of gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist therapy on body mass index and growth between normal-weight and overweight girls with central precocious puberty","volume":"22","author":"Yang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann Pediatr Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.3345\/kjp.2017.60.12.395","article-title":"The influence of gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists on anthropometric change in girls with central precocious puberty","volume":"60","author":"Yoon","year":"2017","journal-title":"Korean J Pediatr"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.0.1500533","article-title":"Reduction of baseline body mass index under gonadotropin-suppressive therapy in girls with idiopathic precocious puberty","volume":"150","author":"Arrigo","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/jpem-2019-0136","article-title":"Near final adult height, and body mass index in overweight\/obese and normal-weight children with idiopathic central precocious puberty and treated with gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogs","volume":"32","author":"Sinthuprasith","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.6065\/apem.2018.23.1.14","article-title":"Longitudinal follow-up to near final height of auxological changes in girls with idiopathic central precocious puberty treated with gonadotropin-releasing hormone analog and grouped by pretreatment body mass index level","volume":"23","author":"Park","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann Pediatr Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-016-1023-5","article-title":"Changes in body mass index during gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist treatment for central precocious puberty and early puberty","volume":"54","author":"Lee","year":"2016","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/1687-9856-2014-5","article-title":"Higher prevalence of obesity and overweight without an adverse metabolic profile in girls with central precocious puberty compared to girls with early puberty, regardless of GnRH analogue treatment","volume":"2014","author":"Colmenares","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Pediatr Endocrinol"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI88883","article-title":"The ominous triad of adipose tissue dysfunction: Inflammation, fibrosis and impaired angiogenesis","volume":"127","author":"Crewe","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/eci.12997","article-title":"Adipokine dysregulation and adipose tissue inflammation in human obesity","volume":"48","author":"Unamuno","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00297.2015","article-title":"Revisiting the adipocyte: A model for integration of cytokine signaling in the regulation of energy metabolism","volume":"309","author":"Rodr\u00edguez","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2014.10.016","article-title":"From leptin to other adipokines in health and disease: Facts and expectations at the beginning of the 21st century","volume":"64","author":"Bl\u00fcher","year":"2015","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2016.04.011","article-title":"Adiponectin, leptin, and fatty acids in the maintenance of metabolic homeostasis through adipose tissue crosstalk","volume":"23","author":"Stern","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1080\/21623945.2017.1402151","article-title":"Adiponectin-leptin ratio: A promising index to estimate adipose tissue dysfunction. relation with obesity-associated cardiometabolic risk","volume":"7","author":"Fr\u00fchbeck","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adipocyte"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"409679","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/409679","article-title":"Metabolic risk susceptibility in men is partially related to adiponectin\/leptin ratio","volume":"2013","author":"Vega","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Obes"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6619","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-06997-0","article-title":"Involvement of the leptin-adiponectin axis in inflammation and oxidative stress in the metabolic syndrome","volume":"7","author":"Fr\u00fchbeck","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/jpem.2010.077","article-title":"Serum levels of adiponectin and leptin in children born small for gestational age: Relation to insulin sensitivity parameters","volume":"23","author":"Miras","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-199907000-00012","article-title":"Serum leptin levels in patients with progressive central precocious puberty","volume":"46","author":"Heger","year":"1999","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2007-1216","article-title":"Long-term observation of 87 girls with idiopathic central precocious puberty treated with gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogs: Impact on adult height, body mass index, bone mineral content, and reproductive function","volume":"93","author":"Pasquino","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000346145","article-title":"Treatment with gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogues: Different impact on body weight in normal-weight and overweight children","volume":"78","author":"Wolters","year":"2012","journal-title":"Horm Res Paediatr"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0197-0070(87)90048-9","article-title":"Issues and advances in adolescent growth and development","volume":"8","author":"Tanner","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Adolesc Heal Care"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2003-031537","article-title":"A single luteinizing hormone determination 2 hours after depot leuprolide is useful for therapy monitoring of gonadotropin-dependent precocious puberty in girls","volume":"89","author":"Brito","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2008-1783","article-title":"Consensus statement on the use of gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogs in children","volume":"123","author":"Carel","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"B31","unstructured":"CDC Growth charts2017"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2007.01.026","article-title":"Adiponectin as an anti-inflammatory factor","volume":"380","author":"Ouchi N","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Chim Acta"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.4172\/2469-9756.1000108","article-title":"Specific obesity-related adipokines","volume":"1","author":"Candido","year":"2015","journal-title":"Immunochem Immunopathol"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0802018","article-title":"Importance of plasma leptin in predicting future weight gain in obese children: A two-and-a-half-year longitudinal study","volume":"26","author":"Savoye","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.2337\/diab.47.2.239","article-title":"Increased plasma leptin levels are associated with fat accumulation in Japanese-americans","volume":"47","author":"Chessler","year":"1998","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2014-1684","article-title":"A comparison of fat and lean body mass index to BMI for the identification of metabolic syndrome in children and adolescents","volume":"99","author":"Weber","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2015.181","article-title":"Differential effects of leptin on adiponectin expression with weight gain versus obesity","volume":"40","author":"Singh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Obes"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1381\/096089206776116525","article-title":"Increased serum amyloid a concentrations in morbid obesity decrease after gastric bypass","volume":"16","author":"G\u00f3mez-Ambrosi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Obes Surg"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2007-0349","article-title":"Plasma osteopontin levels and expression in adipose tissue are increased in obesity","volume":"92","author":"G\u00f3mez-Ambrosi","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Met"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11020454","article-title":"Adiponectin-leptin ratio is a functional biomarker of adipose tissue inflammation","volume":"11","author":"Fr\u00fchbeck","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2008.01.006","article-title":"Serum amyloid a concentration is increased in obese children and adolescents","volume":"153","author":"G\u00f3mez-Ambrosi","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-009-1508-3","article-title":"Correlation of the leptin: Adiponectin ratio with measures of insulin resistance in non-diabetic individuals","volume":"52","author":"Finucane","year":"2009","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-5491.2010.03043.x","article-title":"Associations between leptin and the leptin\/adiponectin ratio and incident type 2 diabetes in middle-aged men and women: Results from the MONICA\/KORA augsburg study 1984\u20132002","volume":"27","author":"Thorand","year":"2010","journal-title":"Diabetes Med"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/chi.2016.0273","article-title":"Leptin and leptin-to-Adiponectin ratio predict adiposity gain in nonobese children over a six-year period","volume":"13","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Child Obes"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.21378","article-title":"Adiposity trajectory and its associations with plasma adipokine levels in children and adolescents-a prospective cohort study","volume":"24","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Obes (Silver Spring)"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.6065\/apem.2016.21.4.199","article-title":"Leptin and adiponectin levels in girls with central precocious puberty before and during GnRH agonist treatment","volume":"21","author":"Yoo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann Pediatr Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.recesp.2016.09.006","article-title":"The ratio between visceral and subcutaneous abdominal fat assessed by computed tomography is an independent predictor of mortality and cardiac events","volume":"70","author":"Ladeiras-Lopes","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rev Esp Cardiol (Engl Ed)"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13312-017-1169-0","article-title":"Risk factors for cardiovascular disease in obese children","volume":"54","author":"Chandrasekhar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Indian Pediatr"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.12551","article-title":"World Obesity Federation. Obesity: A chronic relapsing progressive disease process. A position statement of the World Obesity Federation","volume":"18","author":"Bray","year":"2017","journal-title":"Obes Rev"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Endocrinology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fendo.2023.1101399\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,10]],"date-time":"2023-03-10T05:27:39Z","timestamp":1678426059000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fendo.2023.1101399\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,10]]},"references-count":49,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fendo.2023.1101399"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fendo.2023.1101399","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-2392"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-2392","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,10]]},"article-number":"1101399"}}