{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T12:41:14Z","timestamp":1784292074497,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,21]],"date-time":"2023-02-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1676937600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Endocrinol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>The application of microdissection testicular sperm extraction (micro-TESE) to retrieve the sperm of patients with non-obstructive azoospermia (NOA) has greatly increased. Patients with NOA often have poor quality sperm. Unfortunately, there are few studies on artificial oocyte activation (AOA) performed on patients who successfully retrieved motile and immotile sperm by micro-TESE after intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI). Therefore, this study sought to obtain more comprehensive evidence-based data and embryo development outcomes to aid consultation of patients with NOA who opted to receive assisted reproductive techniques and to determine whether AOA needs to be performed in different motile sperm after ICSI.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>This retrospective study involved 235 patients with NOA who underwent micro-TESE to retrieve adequate sperm for ICSI between January 2018 and December 2020.\u00a0A total of 331 ICSI cycles were performed in the 235 couples. Embryological, clinical, and neonatal outcomes were demonstrated comprehensively between motile sperm and immotile sperm using AOA and non-AOA treatment.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Motile sperm injection with AOA (group 1) showed significantly higher fertility rate (72.77% <jats:italic>vs.<\/jats:italic> 67.59%, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>=0.005), 2 pronucleus (2PN) fertility rate (64.33% <jats:italic>vs.<\/jats:italic> 60.22%, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>=0.036), and miscarriage rate (17.65% <jats:italic>vs.<\/jats:italic> 2.44%, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>=0.018) compared with motile sperm injection with non-AOA (group 2). Group 1 had comparable available embryo rate (41.29% <jats:italic>vs.<\/jats:italic> 40.74%, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>=0.817), good embryo rate (13.44% <jats:italic>vs.<\/jats:italic> 15.44%, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>=0.265), and without an embryo for transfer rate (10.85% <jats:italic>vs.<\/jats:italic> 9.90%, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>=0.815) compared with group 2. Immotile sperm injection with AOA (group 3) displayed significantly higher fertility rate (78.56% <jats:italic>vs.<\/jats:italic> 67.59%, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>=0.000), 2PN fertility rate (67.36% <jats:italic>vs.<\/jats:italic> 60.22%, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>=0.001), without an embryo for transfer rate (23.76% <jats:italic>vs.<\/jats:italic> 9.90%, <jats:italic>p=<\/jats:italic>0.008), and miscarriage rate (20.00% <jats:italic>vs.<\/jats:italic> 2.44%, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>=0.014), but significantly lower available embryo rate (26.63% <jats:italic>vs.<\/jats:italic>40.74%, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>=0.000) and good embryo rate (15.44% <jats:italic>vs.<\/jats:italic> 6.99%, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>=0.000) compared with group 2. In groups 1, 2, and 3, the rates of implantation (34.87%, 31.85% and 28.00%, respectively; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>=0.408), clinical pregnancy (43.87%, 41.00%, and 34.48%, respectively; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>=0.360) and live birth (36.13%, 40.00%, and 27.59%, respectively; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>=0.194) were similar.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>For those patients with NOA from whom adequate sperm were retrieved for ICSI, AOA could improve fertilization rate, but not embryo quality and live birth outcomes. For patients with NOA and only immotile sperm, AOA can help achieve acceptable fertilization rate and live birth outcomes. AOA is recommended for patients with NOA only when immotile sperm are injected.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2023.1123541","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,21]],"date-time":"2023-02-21T09:26:32Z","timestamp":1676971592000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Embryo development and live birth resulted from artificial oocyte activation after microdissection testicular sperm extraction with ICSI in patients with non-obstructive 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