{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]],"date-time":"2026-04-16T07:09:32Z","timestamp":1776323372739,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":115,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,22]],"date-time":"2023-02-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677024000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000071","name":"National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000071","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Endocrinol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Mutations in the Fragile X Messenger Ribonucleoprotein 1 (<jats:italic>FMR1<\/jats:italic>) gene cause Fragile X Syndrome, the most common monogenic cause of intellectual disability. Mutations of <jats:italic>FMR1<\/jats:italic> are also associated with reproductive disorders, such as early cessation of reproductive function in females. While progress has been made in understanding the mechanisms of mental impairment, the causes of reproductive disorders are not clear. FMR1-associated reproductive disorders were studied exclusively from the endocrine perspective, while the <jats:italic>FMR1<\/jats:italic> role in neurons that control reproduction was not addressed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Here, we demonstrate that similar to women with <jats:italic>FMR1<\/jats:italic> mutations, female <jats:italic>Fmr1<\/jats:italic> null mice stop reproducing early. However, young null females display larger litters, more corpora lutea in the ovaries, increased inhibin, progesterone, testosterone, and gonadotropin hormones in the circulation. Ovariectomy reveals both hypothalamic and ovarian contribution to elevated gonadotropins. Altered mRNA and protein levels of several synaptic molecules in the hypothalamus are identified, indicating reasons for hypothalamic dysregulation. Increased vascularization of corpora lutea, higher sympathetic innervation of growing follicles in the ovaries of <jats:italic>Fmr1<\/jats:italic> nulls, and higher numbers of synaptic GABA<jats:sub>A<\/jats:sub> receptors in GnRH neurons, which are excitatory for GnRH neurons, contribute to increased FSH and LH, respectively. Unmodified and ovariectomized <jats:italic>Fmr1<\/jats:italic> nulls have increased LH pulse frequency, suggesting that <jats:italic>Fmr1<\/jats:italic> nulls exhibit hyperactive GnRH neurons, regardless of the ovarian feedback.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>These results reveal <jats:italic>Fmr1<\/jats:italic> function in the regulation of GnRH neuron secretion, and point to the role of GnRH neurons, in addition to the ovarian innervation, in the etiology of <jats:italic>Fmr1<\/jats:italic>-mediated reproductive disorders.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2023.1129534","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,22]],"date-time":"2023-02-22T08:27:57Z","timestamp":1677054477000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Altered GnRH neuron and ovarian innervation characterize reproductive dysfunction linked to the Fragile X messenger ribonucleoprotein (Fmr1) gene mutation"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Pedro A.","family":"Villa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nancy M.","family":"Lainez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carrie R.","family":"Jonak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sarah C.","family":"Berlin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Iryna 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