{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T20:08:30Z","timestamp":1793045310260,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":89,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,1]],"date-time":"2023-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677628800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Endocrinol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Obesity is a major health problem because it is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease, diabetes, hypertension, and some cancers. Strategies to prevent or reduce obesity focus mainly on the possible effects of natural compounds that can induce a phenotype of browning adipocytes capable of releasing energy in the form of heat. Allicin, a bioactive component of garlic with numerous pharmacological functions, is known to stimulate energy metabolism.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>In the present study, the effects of allicin on human Simpson-Golabi-Behmel Syndrome (SGBS) cells were investigated by quantifying the dynamics of lipid droplets (LDs) and mitochondria, as well as transcriptomic changes after six days of differentiation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Allicin significantly promoted the reduction in the surface area and size of LDs, leading to the formation of multilocular adipocytes, which was confirmed by the upregulation of genes related to lipolysis. The increase in the number and decrease in the mean aspect ratio of mitochondria in allicin-treated cells indicate a shift in mitochondrial dynamics toward fission. The structural results are confirmed by transcriptomic analysis showing a significant arrangement of gene expression associated with beige adipocytes, in particular increased expression of T-box transcription factor 1 (TBX1), uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1), PPARG coactivator 1 alpha (PPARGC1A), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARA), and OXPHOS-related genes. The most promising targets are nuclear genes such as retinoid X receptor alpha (RXRA), retinoid X receptor gamma (RXRG), nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group H member 3 (NR1H3), nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group H member 4 (NR1H4), PPARA, and oestrogen receptor 1 (ESR1).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Transcriptomic data and the network pharmacology-based approach revealed that genes and potential targets of allicin are involved in ligand-activated transcription factor activity, intracellular receptor signalling, regulation of cold-induced thermogenesis, and positive regulation of lipid metabolism. The present study highlights the potential role of allicin in triggering browning in human SGBS cells by affecting the LD dynamics, mitochondrial morphology, and expression of brown marker genes. Understanding the potential targets through which allicin promotes this effect may reveal the underlying signalling pathways and support these findings.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2023.1141303","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,1]],"date-time":"2023-03-01T06:44:18Z","timestamp":1677653058000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Effects of allicin on human Simpson-Golabi-Behmel syndrome cells in mediating browning phenotype"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Uzair","family":"Ali","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Wabitsch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Tews","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monica","family":"Colitti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2020.00219","article-title":"Editorial: Insights into brown adipose tissue functions and browning phenomenon","volume":"11","author":"Oliver","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2012.05.016","article-title":"Beige adipocytes are a distinct type of thermogenic fat cell in mouse and human","volume":"150","author":"Wu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.12520","article-title":"Factors involved in white-to-brown adipose tissue conversion and in thermogenesis: A review","volume":"18","author":"Montanari","year":"2017","journal-title":"Obes Rev"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cimb44070210","article-title":"Bioactive compounds and adipocyte browning phenomenon","volume":"44","author":"Manr\u00edquez-N\u00fa\u00f1ez","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr Issues Mol Biol"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/136.3.716S","article-title":"Clarifying the real bioactive constituents of garlic","volume":"136","author":"Amagase","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26061505","article-title":"Allicin, the odor of freshly crushed garlic: A review of recent progress in understanding allicin\u2019s effects on cells","volume":"26","author":"Borlinghaus","year":"2021","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.202200173","article-title":"Diallyl trisulfide prevents adipogenesis and lipogenesis by regulating the transcriptional activation function of KLF15 on PPAR\u03b3 to ameliorate obesity","volume":"66","author":"Hu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol Nutr Food Res"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2010.01.031","article-title":"Reaction mechanisms of allicin and allyl-mixed disulfides with proteins and small thiol molecules","volume":"45","author":"Miron","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur J Med Chem"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s1286-4579(99)80003-3","article-title":"Antimicrobial properties of allicin from garlic","volume":"1","author":"Ankri","year":"1999","journal-title":"Microbes Infect"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2003.11.059","article-title":"Allicin (from garlic) induces caspase-mediated apoptosis in cancer cells","volume":"485","author":"Oommen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01635581.2010.509837","article-title":"Allicin purified from fresh garlic cloves induces apoptosis in colon cancer cells via Nrf2","volume":"62","author":"Bat-Chen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nutr Cancer"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/401630","article-title":"Immunomodulation and anti-inflammatory effects of garlic compounds","volume":"2015","author":"Arreola","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Immunol Res"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23136950","article-title":"Therapeutic potential of allicin and aged garlic extract in alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"23","author":"Tedeschi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/131.6.1662","article-title":"Garlic and garlic-derived compounds inhibit human squalene monooxygenase","volume":"131","author":"Gupta","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2014.02.019","article-title":"Methanolic extract of black garlic ameliorates diet-induced obesity via regulating adipogenesis, adipokine biosynthesis, and lipolysis","volume":"9","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Funct Food"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2018.09.014","article-title":"Allicin induces beige-like adipocytes via KLF15 signal cascade","volume":"64","author":"Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Nutr Biochem"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2020.101113","article-title":"Allicin regulates energy homeostasis through brown adipose tissue","volume":"23","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0801520","article-title":"Characterization of a human preadipocyte cell strain with high capacity for adipose differentiation","volume":"25","author":"Wabitsch.","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9632","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-64369-7","article-title":"Browning capabilities of human primary adipose-derived stromal cells compared to SGBS cells","volume":"10","author":"Halbgebauer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tice.2022.101822","article-title":"Transcriptomic analysis of Simpson golabi behmel syndrome cells during differentiation exhibit BAT-like function","volume":"77","author":"Colitti","year":"2022","journal-title":"Tissue Cell"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbalip.2013.01.015","article-title":"Dynamic changes in lipid droplet-associated proteins in the \u201cbrowning\u201d of white adipose tissues","volume":"1831","author":"Barneda","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5551\/jat.RV17011","article-title":"CIDE family-mediated unique lipid droplet morphology in white adipose tissue and brown adipose tissue determines the adipocyte energy metabolism","volume":"24","author":"Nishimoto","year":"2017","journal-title":"Atheroscler. Thromb"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/embj.201385014","article-title":"Hormone-induced mitochondrial fission is utilized by brown adipocytes as an amplification pathway for energy expenditure","volume":"33","author":"Wikstrom","year":"2014","journal-title":"EMBO J"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5823","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-42256-0","article-title":"Differentiating SGBS adipocytes respond to PPAR\u03b3 stimulation, irisin and BMP7 by functional browning and beige characteristics","volume":"9","author":"Klus\u00f3czki","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/S15327914NC382_14","article-title":"Effect of purified allicin, the major ingredient of freshly crushed garlic, on cancer cell proliferation","volume":"38","author":"Hirsch","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nutr Canc."},{"key":"B26","article-title":"ImageJ macro tool sets for biological image analysis","author":"B\u00e4cker","year":"2012"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1007\/s00418-018-1663-z","article-title":"Simpson-Golabi-Behmel syndrome human adipocytes reveal a changing phenotype throughout differentiation","volume":"149","author":"Montanari","year":"2018","journal-title":"Histochem Cell Biol"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4081\/ejh.2019.3017","article-title":"Relationship between lipid droplets size and integrated optical density","volume":"63","author":"Boschi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur J Histochem"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E87","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00457.2019","article-title":"A pipeline for multidimensional confocal analysis of mitochondrial morphology, function, and dynamics in pancreatic \u03b2-cells","volume":"318","author":"Chaudhry","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acthis.2017.03.001","article-title":"A simple ImageJ macro tool for analyzing mitochondrial network morphology in mammalian cell culture","volume":"119","author":"Valente","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Histochem"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1002212","article-title":"Automatic morphological subtyping reveals new roles of caspases in mitochondrial dynamics","volume":"7","author":"Peng","year":"2011","journal-title":"PloS Comput Biol"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2016.094","article-title":"Multiplexed high-content analysis of mitochondrial morphofunction using live-cell microscopy","volume":"11","author":"Iannetti","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Protoc"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/bts635","article-title":"STAR: Ultrafast universal RNA-seq aligner","volume":"29","author":"Dobin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1186\/s12859-018-2486-6","article-title":"iDEP: an integrated web application for differential expression and pathway analysis of RNA-seq data","volume":"19","author":"Ge","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Bioinf"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-0716-1307-8_22","article-title":"iDEP web application for RNA-seq data analysis","volume":"2284","author":"Ge","year":"2021","journal-title":"Methods Mol Biol"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/75556","article-title":"Gene ontology: Tool for the unification of biology","volume":"25","author":"Ashburner","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/28.1.27","article-title":"KEGG: Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes","volume":"28","author":"Kanehisa","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkl1041","article-title":"TRED: A transcriptional regulatory element database, new entries and other development","volume":"35","author":"Jiang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1752-0509-8-S4-S11","article-title":"CytoHubba: Identifying hub objects and sub-networks from complex interactome","volume":"8","author":"Chin","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Syst Biol"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2105-4-2","article-title":"An automated method for finding molecular complexes in large protein interaction networks","volume":"4","author":"Bader","year":"2003","journal-title":"BMC Bioinf"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2018.05.021","article-title":"Prediction of adipose browning capacity by systematic integration of transcriptional profiles","volume":"23","author":"Cheng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkq300","article-title":"PharmMapper server: A web server for potential drug target identification via pharmacophore mapping approach","volume":"38","author":"Liu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkx374","article-title":"PharmMapper 2017 update: a web server for potential drug target identification with a comprehensive target pharmacophore database","volume":"45","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkv1277","article-title":"STITCH 5: augmenting protein-chemical interaction networks with tissue and affinity data","volume":"44","author":"Szklarczyk","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkz382","article-title":"SwissTargetPrediction: Updated data and new features for efficient prediction of protein targets of small molecules","volume":"47","author":"Daina","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkq537","article-title":"The GeneMANIA prediction server: biological network integration for gene prioritization and predicting gene function","author":"Warde-Farley","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biosystems.2014.11.005","article-title":"CytoNCA: a cytoscape plugin for centrality analysis and evaluation of protein interaction networks","volume":"127","author":"Tang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biosystems"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864-016-2722-2","article-title":"VarElect: the phenotype-based variation prioritizer of the GeneCards suite","volume":"17","author":"Stelzer","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Genomics"},{"key":"B49","volume-title":"XLSTAT statistical and data analysis solution","year":"2022"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3361","article-title":"Brown and beige fat: development, function and therapeutic potential","volume":"19","author":"Harms","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1080\/21623945.2020.1870060","article-title":"Brown and beige adipose tissue: a novel therapeutic strategy for obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"10","author":"Cheng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adipocyte"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/embj.201487798","article-title":"Mitochondrial fission: Firing up mitochondria in brown adipose tissue","volume":"33","author":"Gao","year":"2014","journal-title":"EMBO J"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.7205","article-title":"Adipogenesis and therapeutic potentials of antiobesogenic phytochemicals: Insights from preclinical studies","volume":"35","author":"Murugan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Phytother Res"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2014.12.009","article-title":"Activation of human brown adipose tissue by a \u03b23-adrenergic receptor agonist","volume":"21","author":"Cypess","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2020.07.005","article-title":"Human brown adipocyte thermogenesis is driven by \u03b22-AR stimulation","volume":"32","author":"Blondin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"jeb165381","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.165381","article-title":"Non-adrenergic control of lipolysis and thermogenesis in adipose tissues","volume":"221","author":"Braun","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Exp Biol"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2017.10.125","article-title":"Protective effects of allicin on 1,3-DCP-induced lipid metabolism disorder in HepG2 cells","volume":"96","author":"Lu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomed Pharmacother."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/3956504","article-title":"Use of network pharmacology to investigate the mechanism by which allicin ameliorates lipid metabolism disorder in HepG2 cells","volume":"12","author":"Cheng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Evid. Based Complement. Alternat. Med"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3892\/ijmm.2017.2949","article-title":"Allicin induces the upregulation of ABCA1 expression via PPAR\u03b3\/LXR\u03b1 signaling in THP-1 macrophage-derived foam cells","volume":"39","author":"Lin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Mol Med"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2017.09.004","article-title":"Cold-induced thermogenesis depends on ATGL-mediated lipolysis in cardiac muscle, but not brown adipose tissue","volume":"26","author":"Schreiber","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2017.09.002","article-title":"Lipolysis in brown adipocytes is not essential for cold-induced thermogenesis in mice","volume":"26","author":"Shin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2020.108348","article-title":"Lipid droplets in brown adipose tissue are dispensable for cold-induced thermogenesis","volume":"33","author":"Chitraju","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo11020124","article-title":"Mitochondrial lipid signaling and adaptive thermogenesis","volume":"11","author":"Von Bank","year":"2021","journal-title":"Metabolites"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11906-019-1009-9","article-title":"Effect of garlic\u2019s active constituents in inflammation, obesity and cardiovascular disease","volume":"22","author":"Quesada","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr Hypertens Rep"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2021.595020","article-title":"Signaling pathways regulating thermogenesis","volume":"12","author":"Tabuchi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-1128(199601)16:1<111::AID-MED4>3.0.CO;2-5","article-title":"Therapeutic actions of garlic constituents","volume":"16","author":"Agarwal","year":"1996","journal-title":"Med Res Rev"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2012.09.019","article-title":"Aged garlic extract inhibits platelet activation by increasing intracellular cAMP and reducing the interaction of GPIIb\/IIIa receptor with fibrinogen","volume":"91","author":"Allison","year":"2012","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.890284","article-title":"Allicin facilitates airway surface liquid hydration by activation of CFTR","volume":"13","author":"Qiu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biochi.2011.05.018","article-title":"Several agents and pathways regulate lipolysis in adipocytes","volume":"93","author":"Chaves","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biochimie"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines10081852","article-title":"Effects of a phosphodiesterase inhibitor on the browning of adipose tissue in mice","volume":"10","author":"Seo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5442","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-84828-z","article-title":"Integrins and extracellular matrix proteins modulate adipocyte thermogenic capacity","volume":"11","author":"Gonzalez Porras","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/129.2.336","article-title":"Allyl-containing sulfides in garlic increase uncoupling protein content in brown adipose tissue, and noradrenaline and adrenaline secretion in rats","volume":"129","author":"Oi","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00015.2003","article-title":"Brown adipose tissue: Function and physiological significance","volume":"84","author":"Cannon","year":"2004","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e46404","DOI":"10.15252\/embr.201846404","article-title":"Brown adipocyte glucose metabolism: A heated subject","volume":"19","author":"Hankir","year":"2018","journal-title":"EMBO Rep"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.12-206862","article-title":"CD36 level and trafficking are determinants of lipolysis in adipocytes","volume":"26","author":"Zhou","year":"2012","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.147057","article-title":"Fatty acid mobilization from adipose tissue is mediated by CD36 posttranslational modifications and intracellular trafficking","volume":"6","author":"Daquinag","year":"2021","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.3008","article-title":"Aged garlic extract inhibits CD36 expression in human macrophages via modulation of the PPARgamma pathway","volume":"24","author":"Morihara","year":"2010","journal-title":"Phytother Res"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10051122","article-title":"The role of AMPK signaling in brown adipose tissue activation","volume":"10","author":"van der Vaart","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2014.12.048","article-title":"Dependence of brown adipose tissue function on CD36-mediated coenzyme q uptake","volume":"10","author":"Anderson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2014.12.023","article-title":"Adipose fatty acid oxidation is required for thermogenesis and potentiates oxidative stress-induced inflammation","volume":"10","author":"Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2891-13-17","article-title":"Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors and their ligands: nutritional and clinical implications \u2013 a review","volume":"13","author":"Grygiel-G\u00f3rniak","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nutr J"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16153","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-16543-7","article-title":"Egr1 deficiency induces browning of inguinal subcutaneous white adipose tissue in mice","volume":"7","author":"Milet","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2022.02.002","article-title":"The membrane receptor CD44: Novel insights into metabolism","volume":"33","author":"Weng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2019.00835","article-title":"Reliable target prediction of bioactive molecules based on chemical similarity without employing statistical methods","volume":"10","author":"Forouzesh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2010\/612089","article-title":"Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha target genes","volume":"2010","author":"Rakhshandehroo","year":"2010","journal-title":"PPAR Res"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jf500803c","article-title":"Garlic essential oil protects against obesity-triggered nonalcoholic fatty liver disease through modulation of lipid metabolism and oxidative stress","volume":"62","author":"Lai","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Agric Food Chem"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1053\/meta.2001.19415","article-title":"The ligands\/activators for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARalpha) and PPARgamma increase Cu2+, Zn2+-superoxide dismutase and decrease p22phox message expressions in primary endothelial cells","volume":"50","author":"Inoue","year":"2001","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2018.09.002","article-title":"Activation of estrogen receptor alpha induces beiging of adipocytes","volume":"18","author":"Santos","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol Metab"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aax8096","article-title":"Estrogen receptor \u03b1 controls metabolism in white and brown adipocytes by regulating Polg1 and mitochondrial remodeling","volume":"12","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Endocrinology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fendo.2023.1141303\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,1]],"date-time":"2023-03-01T06:44:26Z","timestamp":1677653066000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fendo.2023.1141303\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,1]]},"references-count":89,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fendo.2023.1141303"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fendo.2023.1141303","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-2392"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-2392","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,1]]},"article-number":"1141303"}}