{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,9]],"date-time":"2026-05-09T14:29:50Z","timestamp":1778336990270,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,28]],"date-time":"2023-03-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1679961600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001711","name":"Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur F\u00f6rderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001711","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005688","name":"Gottfried und Julia Bangerter-Rhyner-Stiftung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005688","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Endocrinol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) carries an increased risk for adverse perinatal and longer-term cardiometabolic consequences in offspring. This study evaluated the utility of maternal anthropometric, metabolic and fetal (cord blood) parameters to predict offspring anthropometry up to 1 year in pregnancies with GDM.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Materials and methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>In this prospective analysis of the <jats:italic>MySweetheart<\/jats:italic> study, we included 193\/211 women with GDM that were followed up to 1 year postpartum. Maternal predictors included anthropometric (pre-pregnancy BMI, gestational weight gain (GWG), weight and fat mass at the 1<jats:sup>st<\/jats:sup> GDM visit), and metabolic parameters (fasting insulin and glucose, Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR), Quantitative insulin-sensitivity check index (QUICKI), HbA1c, triglycerides, and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) at the 1<jats:sup>st<\/jats:sup> visit and HbA1c at the end of pregnancy). Fetal predictors (N=46) comprised cord blood glucose and insulin, C-Peptide, HOMA-IR, triglycerides and HDL. Offspring outcomes were anthropometry at birth (weight\/weight z-score, BMI, small and large for gestational age (SGA,LGA)), 6-8 weeks and 1 year (weight z-score, BMI\/BMI z-score, and the sum of 4 skinfolds).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>In multivariate analyses, birth anthropometry (weight, weight z-score, BMI and\/or LGA), was positively associated with cord blood HDL and HbA1c at the 1<jats:sup>st<\/jats:sup> GDM visit, and negatively with maternal QUICKI and HDL at the 1<jats:sup>st<\/jats:sup> GDM visit (all p \u2264 0.045). At 6-8 weeks, offspring BMI was positively associated with GWG and cord blood insulin, whereas the sum of skinfolds was negatively associated with HDL at the 1<jats:sup>st<\/jats:sup> GDM visit (all p \u22640.023). At 1 year, weight z-score, BMI, BMI z-score, and\/or the sum of skinfolds were positively associated with pre-pregnancy BMI, maternal weight, and fat mass at the 1<jats:sup>st<\/jats:sup> GDM visit and 3<jats:sup>rd<\/jats:sup> trimester HbA1c (all p \u2264 0.043). BMI z-score and\/or the sum of skinfolds were negatively associated with cord blood C-peptide, insulin and HOMA-IR (all p \u22640.041).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Maternal anthropometric, metabolic, and fetal metabolic parameters independently affected offspring anthropometry during the 1<jats:sup>st<\/jats:sup> year of life in an age-dependent manner. These results show the complexity of pathophysiological mechanism for the developing offspring and could represent a base for future personalized follow-up of women with GDM and their offspring.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2023.1144195","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,28]],"date-time":"2023-03-28T05:34:55Z","timestamp":1679981695000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Maternal and fetal predictors of anthropometry in the first year of life in offspring of women with GDM"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Maria-Christina","family":"Antoniou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dan 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