{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T03:59:46Z","timestamp":1791950386054,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":181,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,19]],"date-time":"2023-05-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1684454400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Endocrinol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Current views show that an impaired balance partly explains the fat accumulation leading to obesity. Fetal malnutrition and early exposure to endocrine-disrupting compounds also contribute to obesity and impaired insulin secretion and\/or sensitivity. The liver plays a major role in systemic glucose homeostasis through hepatokines secreted by hepatocytes. Hepatokines influence metabolism through autocrine, paracrine, and endocrine signaling and mediate the crosstalk between the liver, non-hepatic target tissues, and the brain. The liver also synthetizes bile acids (BAs) from cholesterol and secretes them into the bile. After food consumption, BAs mediate the digestion and absorption of fat-soluble vitamins and lipids in the duodenum. In recent studies, BAs act not simply as fat emulsifiers but represent endocrine molecules regulating key metabolic pathways. The liver is also the main site of the production of ketone bodies (KBs). In prolonged fasting, the brain utilizes KBs as an alternative to CHO. In the last few years, the ketogenic diet (KD) became a promising dietary intervention. Studies on subjects undergoing KD show that KBs are important mediators of inflammation and oxidative stress. The present review will focus on the role played by hepatokines, BAs, and KBs in obesity, and diabetes prevention and management and analyze the positive effects of BAs, KD, and hepatokine receptor analogs, which might justify their use as new therapeutic approaches for metabolic and aging-related diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2023.1154561","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,19]],"date-time":"2023-05-19T13:00:50Z","timestamp":1684501250000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Hepatokines, bile acids and ketone bodies are novel Hormones regulating energy homeostasis"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Gabriella","family":"Garruti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacek","family":"Baj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angelo","family":"Cignarelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sebastio","family":"Perrini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Giorgino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/70.5.811","article-title":"Obesity at the age of 50 y in men and women exposed to famine prenatally","volume":"70","author":"Ravelli","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2014.10.012","article-title":"Fat, epigenome and pancreatic diseases. interplay and common pathways from a toxic and obesogenic environment","volume":"25","author":"Di Ciaula","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur J Intern Med"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.12\u2013210989","article-title":"Prenatal air pollution exposure induces neuroinflammation and predisposes offspring to weight gain in adulthood in a sex\u2013specific manner","volume":"26","author":"Bolton","year":"2012","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1476\u2013069X\u201311\u201321","article-title":"Serum concentrations of phthalate metabolites are related to abdominal fat distribution two years later in elderly women","volume":"11","author":"Lind","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ Health"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ando.2013.04.002","article-title":"Bisphenol a: an endocrine and metabolic disruptor","volume":"74","author":"Fenichel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann Endocrinol (Paris)"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0065399","article-title":"Urine bisphenol\u2013a level in relation to obesity and overweight in school\u2013age children","volume":"8","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.2008.00937.x","article-title":"Exposure to hexachlorobenzene during pregnancy increases the risk of overweight in children aged 6 years","volume":"97","author":"Smink","year":"2008","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwr455","article-title":"Association of childhood obesity with maternal exposure to ambient air polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons during pregnancy","volume":"175","author":"Rundle","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2013.09.017","article-title":"In utero exposure to benzo[a]pyrene increases adiposity and causes hepatic steatosis in female mice, and glutathione deficiency is protective","volume":"223","author":"Ortiz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Toxicol Lett"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature04330","article-title":"Prenatal and postnatal tobacco smoke exposure and development of insulin resistance in 10\u2013year old children. int J induce energy expenditure by promoting intracellular thyroid hormone activation","volume":"439","author":"Thiering","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-069X-13-49","article-title":"Traffic\u2013related air pollution and obesity formation in children: a longitudinal, multilevel analysis","volume":"13","author":"Jerrett","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ Health"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2008.06.022","article-title":"Lifestyle and environmental factors associated with inflammation, oxidative stress and insulin resistance in children","volume":"203","author":"Kelishadi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125\u2013013\u20132925\u2013x","article-title":"Long\u2013term exposure to traffic\u2013related air pollution and insulin resistance in children: results from the GINIplus and LISA plus birth cohorts","volume":"56","author":"Thiering","year":"2013","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1375\/twin.4.5.287","article-title":"Fetal programming and the Leningrad siege study","volume":"4","author":"Stanner","year":"2001","journal-title":"Twin Res"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4061\/2011\/484769","article-title":"Molecular adaptation of modern human populations","volume":"484769","author":"Shi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int J Evol Biol 2010 Dec 30"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0806560105","article-title":"Persistent epigenetic differences associated with prenatal exposure to famine in humans","volume":"105","author":"Heijmans","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2011.04.004","article-title":"The global obesity pandemic: shaped by global drivers and local environments","volume":"214","author":"Swinburn","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lancet (2011) 378: Hyg Environ Health"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-789X.2010.00795.x","article-title":"Non\u2013nutrient causes of low\u2013grade, systemic inflammation: support for a \u2018canary in the mineshaft\u2019 view of obesity in chronic disease","volume":"12","author":"Egger","year":"2011","journal-title":"Obes Rev"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2008.06.022","article-title":"Lifestyle and environmental factors associated with inflammation, oxidative stress and insulin resistance in children","volume":"203","author":"Kelishadi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-789X.2010.00795.x","article-title":"Non-nutrient causes of low-grade, systemic inflammation: support for a \u2018canary in the mineshaft\u2019 view of obesity in chronic disease","volume":"12","author":"Egger","year":"2011","journal-title":"Obes Rev"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2013.02.009","article-title":"Lifestyle and nutritional imbalances associated with western diseases: causes and consequences of chronic systemic low-grade inflammation in an evolutionary context","volume":"24","author":"Ruiz-Nunez","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Nutr Biochem"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"860e867","DOI":"10.1038\/nature05485","article-title":"Inflammation and metabolic disorders","volume":"444","author":"Hotamisligil","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1521-690X(03)00031-9","article-title":"Hepatic glucose metabolism in humans and its role in health and disease","volume":"17","author":"Roden","year":"2003","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.96.13.7473","article-title":"A critical role for the peroxisome proliferatoractivated receptor alpha (PPARalpha) in the cellular fasting response: the PPARalpha-null mouse as a model of fatty acid oxidation disorders","volume":"96","author":"Leone","year":"1999","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"s4","DOI":"10.5604\/01.3001.0010.5493","article-title":"Piero portincasa","volume":"16","author":"Di Ciaula","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bile Acid Physiol Ann Hepatol"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2020.10113","article-title":"Hepatokines and metabolism: Deciphering communication from the liver","volume":"44","author":"Jensen-Cody","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol Metab"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/304292","article-title":"Pleiotropic role for the orphan nuclear receptor small heterodimer partner in lipid homeostasis and metabolic pathways","volume":"2012","author":"Garruti","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Lipids"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/db08-0538","article-title":"Plasma fetuin-a levels and the risk of type 2 diabetes","volume":"57","author":"Stefan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2004.11.001","article-title":"A brain-liver circuit regulates glucose homeostasis","volume":"1","author":"Pocai","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.nutr.26.061505.111258","article-title":"Fuel metabolism in starvation","volume":"26","author":"Cahill","year":"2006","journal-title":"Annu Rev Nutr"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.bi.49.070180.002143","article-title":"Regulation of hepatic fatty acid oxidation and ketone body production","volume":"49","author":"McGarry","year":"1980","journal-title":"Annu Rev Biochem"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2017.56","article-title":"Hepatokines: linking non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and insulin resistance","volume":"13","author":"Meex","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Rev Endocrinol"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2015.09.023","article-title":"Fetuin b is a secreted hepatocyte factor linking steatosis to impaired glucose metabolism","volume":"22","author":"Meex","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2007.10.003","article-title":"The role of angiopoietin-like proteins in angiogenesis and metabolism","volume":"18","author":"Hato","year":"2008","journal-title":"Trends Cardiovasc Med"},{"key":"B35","article-title":"Rare loss-offunction mutations in ANGPTL family members contribute to plasma triglyceride levels in humans","volume":"119","author":"Romeo","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2012-1298","article-title":"Mutations in the ANGPTL3 gene and familial combined hypolipidemia: a clinical and biochemical characterization","volume":"97","author":"Minicocci","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33742","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M203215200","article-title":"ANGPTL3 decreases very low-density lipoprotein triglyceride clearance by inhibition of lipoprotein lipase","volume":"277","author":"Shimizugawa","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1002926","article-title":"Exome sequencing, ANGPTL3 mutations, and familial combined hypolipidemia","volume":"363","author":"Musunuru","year":"2010","journal-title":"New Engl J Med"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1515374112","article-title":"Hepatic ANGPTL3 regulates adipose tissue energy homeostasis","volume":"112","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U.S.A."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2018.00511","article-title":"A renewed focus on the association between thyroid hormones and lipid metabolism","volume":"9","author":"Duntas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2796.2010.02305.x","article-title":"Effects of high-dose statin on the human hepatic expression of genes involved in carbohydrate and triglyceride metabolism","volume":"269","author":"Pramfalk","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Internal Med"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2004215","article-title":"Evinacumab for homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia","volume":"383","author":"Raal","year":"2020","journal-title":"New Engl J Med"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MEG.0b013e32832b77ae","article-title":"Serum concentrations of human angiopoietin-like protein 3 in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: association with insulin resistance","volume":"21","author":"Yilmaz","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1214","article-title":"Angiopoietin-related growth factor antagonizes obesity and insulin resistance","volume":"11","author":"Oike","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"787e793","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.107.127530","article-title":"Angiopoietin-related growth factor suppresses gluconeogenesis through the akt\/forkhead box class O1-dependent pathway in hepatocytes","volume":"323","author":"Kitazawa","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6170","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-63149-7","article-title":"Investigating the role of myeloperoxidase and angiopoietin-like protein 6 in obesity and diabetes","volume":"10","author":"Qaddoumi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2008.11.016","article-title":"Serum levels of angiopoietin-related growth factor in diabetes mellitus and chronic hemodialysis","volume":"58","author":"Ebert","year":"2009","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"564e568","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2010.05.013","article-title":"Serum levels of angiopoietin-related growth factor are increased in metabolic syndrome","volume":"60","author":"Namkung","year":"2011","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2013.11.004","article-title":"Angptl4 serves as an endogenous inhibitor of intestinal lipid digestion","volume":"3","author":"Mattijssen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol Metab"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.08428","article-title":"ANGPTL4 mediates shuttling of lipid fuel to brown adipose tissue during sustained cold exposure","volume":"4","author":"Dijk","year":"2015","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2017.06.007","article-title":"Angiopoietin-like 4 directs uptake of dietary fat away from adipose during fasting","volume":"6","author":"Cushing","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol Metab"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.C200010-JLR200","article-title":"Angiopoietin-like protein 4 is a potent hyperlipidemia-inducing factor in mice and inhibitor of lipoprotein lipase","volume":"43","author":"Yoshida","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Lipid Res"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1038\/s41387-018-0032-2","article-title":"Angiopoietin-like protein 3 and 4 in obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and malnutrition: the effect of weight reduction and realimentation","volume":"8","author":"Cinkajzlova","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nutr Diabetes"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0604026103","article-title":"Ngiopoietinlike protein 4 converts lipoprotein lipase to inactive monomers and modulates lipase activity in adipose tissue","volume":"103","author":"Sukonina","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U.S.A."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12061899","article-title":"The role of exercise in the interplay between myokines, hepatokines, osteokines, adipokines, and modulation of inflammation for energy substrate redistribution and fat mass loss: a review","volume":"12","author":"Gonzalez-Gil","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0408452102","article-title":"Angiopoietin-like protein 4 decreases blood glucose and improves glucose tolerance but induces hyperlipidemia and hepatic steatosis in mice","volume":"102","author":"Xu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U.S.A."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjdrc-2014-000034","article-title":"Inflammation increases plasma angiopoietin-like protein 4 in patients with the metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes","volume":"2","author":"Tjeerdema","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0705041104","article-title":"Lipid lowering effects of anti-angiopoietin-like-4 antibody recapitulate the lipid phenotype found in angiopoietin-like 4 knockout mice","volume":"104","author":"Desai","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U.S.A."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2019-00034","article-title":"The liver as an endocrine organlinking NAFLD and insulin resistance","volume":"40","author":"Watt","year":"2019","journal-title":"Endocrine Rev"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI17202","article-title":"The serum protein \u03b12-Heremans\u2013schmid glycoprotein\/fetuin-a is a systemically acting inhibitor of ectopic calcification","volume":"112","author":"Schafer","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.271.34.20789","article-title":"Muller-esterl w and jahnen-dechent w. the serum protein \u03b12-HS glycoprotein\/fetuin inhibits apatite formation in vitro and in mineralizing calvaria cells. a possible role in mineralization and calcium homeostasis","volume":"271","author":"Schinke","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M112234200","article-title":"\u03b12-HS glycoprotein\/fetuin, a transforming growth factor-\u03b2\/bone morphogenetic protein antagonist, regulates postnatal bone growth and remodeling","volume":"277","author":"Szweras","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.51.8.2450","article-title":"Improved insulin sensitivity and resistance to weight gain in mice null for the ahsg gene","volume":"51","author":"Mathews","year":"2002","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellsig.2010.11.003","article-title":"The \"thrifty\" gene encoding Ahsg\/Fetuin-a meets the insulin receptor: insights into the mechanism of insulin resistance","volume":"23","author":"Goustin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cell Signalling"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2012.258","article-title":"The role of hepatokines in metabolism","volume":"9","author":"Stefan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat Rev Endocrinol"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-37024-5","volume":"9","author":"Karmilin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(95)90530-8","article-title":"Identification of a nuclear receptor that is activated by farnesol metabolites","volume":"81","author":"Forman","year":"1995","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B68","first-page":"72","article-title":"And moore DD isolation of proteins that interact specifically with the retinoid x receptor: two novel orphan receptors","volume":"9","author":"Seol","year":"1995","journal-title":"Mol Endocrinol"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5604\/01.3001.0010.5499","article-title":"Cross-talk between bile acids and thermogenic and gastro-intestinal hormones","volume":"16","author":"Garruti","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann Hepatol"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0229776","article-title":"Fetuin-a in metabolic syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"15","author":"Pan","year":"2020","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"356e363","DOI":"10.1111\/cen.12076","article-title":"The effects of caloric restriction on fetuin-a and cardiovascular risk factors in rats and humans: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"79","author":"Choi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0088704","article-title":"Direct inhibitory effects of pioglitazone on hepatic fetuin-a expression","volume":"9","author":"Ochi","year":"2014","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"426e437","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2007.05.002","article-title":"Hepatic fibroblast growth factor 21 is regulated by PPARalpha and is a key mediator of hepatic lipid metabolism in ketotic states","volume":"5","author":"Badman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1151e1160","DOI":"10.1038\/s41366-018-0080-7","article-title":"FGF21 decreases body weight without reducing food intake or bone mineral density in high-fat fed obese rhesus macaque monkeys","volume":"42","author":"Andersen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Obes"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6018","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2008-0816","article-title":"Fibroblast growth factor 21 corrects obesity in mice","volume":"149","author":"Coskun","year":"2008","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.2337\/db08-0392","article-title":"Fibroblast growth factor21 reverses hepatic steatosis, increases energy expenditure, and improves insulin sensitivity in diet-induced obese mice","volume":"58","author":"Xu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1627e1635","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI23606","article-title":"FGF21 as a novel metabolic regulator","volume":"115","author":"Kharitonenkov","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2021.65557","article-title":"The roles and pharmacological effects of FGF21 in preventing aging-associated metabolic diseases","volume":"8","author":"Yan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Cardiovasc Med"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2934","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2019.05.022","article-title":"FGF21 signals protein status to the brain and adaptively regulates food choice and metabolism","volume":"27","author":"Hill","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14372e14377","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1611243113","article-title":"KLB is associated with alcohol drinking, and its gene product beta-klotho is necessary for FGF21 regulation of alcohol preference","volume":"113","author":"Schumann","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U.S.A."},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2013.08.005","article-title":"The effects of LY2405319, an FGF21 analog, in obese human subjects with type 2 diabetes","volume":"18","author":"Gaich","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11011-015-9789-3","article-title":"Potential roles of fibroblast growth factor 21 in the brain","volume":"31","author":"Sa-Nguanmoo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Metab Brain Dis"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19751e19756","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1217552109","article-title":"Atypical angiopoietin-like protein that regulates ANGPTL3","volume":"109","author":"Quagliarini","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U.S.A."},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnmol.2018.00451","article-title":"Neuropeptide y-positive neurons in the dorsomedial hypothalamus are involved in the anorexic effect of Angptl8","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Mol Neurosci"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"667e695","DOI":"10.1007\/s10787-020-00690-x","article-title":"Selenium and selenoproteins: it\u2019s role in regulation of inflammation","volume":"28","author":"Hariharan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Inflammopharmacology"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483e495","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2010.09.015","article-title":"A liverderived secretory protein, selenoprotein p, causes insulin resistance","volume":"12","author":"Misu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e34952","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0034952","article-title":"Inverse correlation between serum levels of selenoprotein p and adiponectin in patients with type 2 diabetes","volume":"7","author":"Misu","year":"2012","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E1325","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2011-0620","article-title":"Serum selenoprotein p levels in patients with type 2 diabetes and prediabetes: implications for insulin resistance, inflammation, and atherosclerosis","volume":"96","author":"Yang","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2016.07.010","article-title":"Nutritional ketosis alters fuel preference and thereby endurance performance in athletes","volume":"24","author":"Cox","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2016.12.022","article-title":"Multi-dimensional roles of ketone bodies in fuel metabolism, signaling, and therapeutics","volume":"25","author":"Puchalska","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0026-0495(83)90105-1","article-title":"The human metabolic response to chronic ketosis without caloric restriction: physical and biochemical adaptation","volume":"32","author":"Phinney","year":"1983","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-140-10-200405180-00006","article-title":"A low carbohydrate, ketogenic diet versus a low-fat diet to treat obesity and hyperlipidemia: a randomized, controlled trial","volume":"140","author":"Yancy","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.13053","article-title":"Scientific evidence underlying contraindications to the ketogenic diet: An update","volume":"21","author":"Watanabe","year":"2020","journal-title":"Obes Rev"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1528-1157.2003.26102.x","article-title":"Selenium deficiency associated with cardiomyopathy: a complication of the ketogenic diet","volume":"44","author":"Bergqvist","year":"2003","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.60.6.1401","article-title":"Sudden, unexpected death in avid dieters using the liquid-protein-modified fast diet. observations in 17 patients and the role of the prolonged QT interval","volume":"60","author":"Isner","year":"1979","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"EN","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2015.3957","article-title":"Extensive literature search and review as preparatory work for the evaluation of the essential composition of total diet replacement products for weight control","author":"Terzikhan","year":"2015","journal-title":"EFSA Supporting Publications"},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.119.011955","article-title":"Low-carbohydrate diets and risk of incident atrial fibrillation: a prospective cohort study","volume":"8","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc"},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2016.08.006","article-title":"Regulation of brain PPARgamma2 contributes to ketogenic diet anti-seizure efficacy","volume":"287","author":"Simeone","year":"2017","journal-title":"Exp Neurol"},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/jpem-2016-0281","article-title":"Changes of thyroid hormonal status in patients receiving ketogenic diet due to intractable epilepsy","volume":"30","author":"Kose","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pediatrneurol.2008.08.013","article-title":"Sudden cardiac death in association with the ketogenic diet","volume":"39","author":"Bank","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pediatr Neurol"},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00246-012-0219-6","article-title":"Ketogenic diet: rapid onset of selenium deficiency-induced cardiac decompensation","volume":"33","author":"Sirikonda","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pediatr Cardiol"},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1007\/s11154-019-09514-y","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of very low-calorie ketogenic diet (VLCKD) in patients with overweight and obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"21","author":"Castellana","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rev Endocr Metab Disord"},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.115.017355","article-title":"The failing heart relies on ketone bodies as a fuel","volume":"133","author":"Aubert","year":"2016","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/B:BOLI.0000043023.57321.18","article-title":"Succinyl-CoA: 3-ketoacid transferase (SCOT) deficiency in a new patient homozygous for an R217X mutation","volume":"27","author":"Longo","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Inherit Metab Dis"},{"key":"B105","article-title":"Altered systemic ketone body metabolism in advanced heart failure","volume":"38","author":"Janardhan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Tex Heart Inst J"},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.115.017545","article-title":"Evidence for intramyocardial disruption of lipid metabolism and increased myocardial ketone utilization in advanced human heart failure","volume":"133","author":"Bedi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2008.09.024","article-title":"Low carbohydrate diet decreases myocardial insulin signaling and increases susceptibility to myocardial ischemia","volume":"83","author":"Wang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9149(99)80304-X","article-title":"Breath acetone in congestive heart failure","volume":"76","author":"Kupari","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0735-1097(96)00214-8","article-title":"Blood ketone bodies in congestive heart failure","volume":"28","author":"Lommi","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nutd.2014.20","article-title":"Tofogliflozin, a sodium\/glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor, attenuates body weight gain and fat accumulation in diabetic and obese animal models","volume":"4","author":"Suzuki","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nutr Diabetes"},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1517\/14656566.2015.1055250","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of canagliflozin in japanese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: post hoc subgroup analyses according to body mass index in a 52-week open-label study","volume":"16","author":"Inagaki","year":"2015","journal-title":"Expert Opin Pharmacother"},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/db15-1356","article-title":"Shift to fatty substrate utilization in response to sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibition in subjects without diabetes and patients with type 2 diabetes","volume":"65","author":"Ferrannini","year":"2016","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1504720","article-title":"Empagliflozin, cardiovascular outcomes, and mortality in type 2 diabetes","volume":"373","author":"Zinman","year":"2015","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehv728","article-title":"EMPA-REG OUTCOME(R) trial investigators. heart failure outcomes with empagliflozin in patients with type 2 diabetes at high cardiovascular risk: results of the EMPAREG OUTCOME(R) trial","volume":"37","author":"Fitchett","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-016-4157-3","article-title":"Targeting renal glucose reabsorption to treat hyperglycaemia: the pleiotropic effects of SGLT2 inhibition","volume":"60","author":"Vallon","year":"2017","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1124\/pr.113.008201","article-title":"Bile acid signaling in metabolic disease and drug therapy","volume":"66","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pharmacol Rev"},{"key":"B117","volume-title":"The biliary system","author":"Wang","year":"2017"},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.19.11.1006","article-title":"Diurnal serum levels of primary conjugated bile acids. assessment by specific radioimmunoassays for conjugates of cholic and chenodeoxycholic acid","volume":"19","author":"Schalm","year":"1978","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197410032911401","article-title":"Dynamics of the enterohepatic postprandial serum concentrations of conjugates of cholic acid in health, cholecystectomized patients, and patients with bile acid malabsorption","volume":"291","author":"LaRusso","year":"1974","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.R500013-JLR200","article-title":"Bile salt biotransformations by human intestinal bacteria","volume":"47","author":"Ridlon","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Lipid Res"},{"key":"B121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.steroids.2014.04.016","article-title":"Bile acids are nutrient signaling hormones","volume":"86","author":"Zhou","year":"2014","journal-title":"Steroids"},{"key":"B122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(95)90530-8","article-title":"Identification of a nuclear receptor that is activated by farnesol metabolites","volume":"81","author":"Forman","year":"1995","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B123","first-page":"72","article-title":"And moore DD isolation of proteins that interact specifically with the retinoid x receptor: two novel orphan receptors","volume":"9","author":"Seol","year":"1995","journal-title":"Mol Endocrinol"},{"key":"B124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI25604","article-title":"Farnesoid x receptor is essential for normal glucose homeostasis","volume":"116","author":"Ma","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI25604","article-title":"Farnesoid x receptor is essential for normal glucose homeostasis","volume":"116","author":"Ma","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M510258200","article-title":"The farnesoid x receptor modulates adiposity and peripheral insulin sensitivity in mice","volume":"281","author":"Cariou","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"B127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M314322200","article-title":"Bile acids regulate gluconeogenic gene expression via small heterodimer partner-mediated repression of hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 and Foxo1","volume":"279","author":"Yamagata","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"B128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M501931200","article-title":"The farnesoid x receptor modulates hepatic carbohydrate metabolism during the fasting\u2013refeeding transition","volume":"280","author":"Duran-Sandoval","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"B129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.284.5418.1362","article-title":"Identification of a nuclear receptor for bile acids","volume":"284","author":"Makishima","year":"1999","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2014.60","article-title":"Beyond intestinal soap\u2014 bile acids in metabolic control","volume":"10","author":"Kuipers","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat Rev Endocrinol"},{"key":"B131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11695-017-2549-1","article-title":"Mechanisms of action of surgical interventions on weight-related diseases: the potential role of bile acids","volume":"27","author":"Mazidi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Obes Surg"},{"key":"B132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2012.12.020","article-title":"Bile acids in the colon, from healthy to cytotoxic molecules","volume":"27","author":"Barrasa","year":"2013","journal-title":"Toxicol In Vitro"},{"key":"B133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2013.151","article-title":"Bile acid receptors as targets for drug development","volume":"11","author":"Schaap","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"B134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature04330","article-title":"Bile acids 804-14","volume":"439","author":"Watanabe","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amsu.2020.02.005","article-title":"Exercise and apulian hypocaloric diet affect adipokine changes and gastric banding-induced weight loss: a prospective study on severe obese subjects","author":"Garruti","year":"","journal-title":"Ann Med Surg"},{"key":"B136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/bc.2011.050","article-title":"Investigating the effects of physiological bile acids on GLP-1 secretion and glucose tolerance in normal and GLP1R(-\/-) mice","volume":"392","author":"Rafferty","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biol Chem"},{"key":"B137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00525.2009","article-title":"Ileal interposition improves glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity in the obese zucker rat","volume":"299","author":"Culnan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol"},{"key":"B138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00221.2010","article-title":"Intestinal adaptation after ileal interposition surgery increases bile acid recycling and protects against obesityrelated comorbidities","volume":"299","author":"Kohli","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol"},{"key":"B139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.06667","article-title":"Loss of the liver x receptor LXRalpha\/beta in peripheral sensory neurons modifies energy expenditure","volume":"4","author":"Mansuy-Aubert","year":"2015","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"B140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jgh.12690","article-title":"Duodenaljejunal bypass improves diabetes and liver steatosis via enhanced glucagon-like peptide-1 elicited by bile acids","volume":"30","author":"Kashihara","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"B141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2015-1321","article-title":"Bile acids trigger GLP-1 release predominantly by accessing basolaterally located g protein-coupled bile acid receptors","volume":"156","author":"Brighton","year":"2015","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"B142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2010.12.004","article-title":"The bile acid membrane receptor TGR5: a valuable metabolic target","volume":"29","author":"Pols","year":"2011","journal-title":"Dig Dis"},{"key":"B143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2009.08.001","article-title":"TGR5-mediated bile acid sensing controls glucose homeostasis","volume":"10","author":"Thomas","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"B144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijsu.2015.11.010","article-title":"Bile acid elevation after rouxen-y gastric bypass is associated with cardio-protective effect in zucker diabetic fatty rats","volume":"24","author":"Kumar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Surg"},{"key":"B145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.114.011791","article-title":"Rapid and body weight-independent improvement of endothelial and high-density lipoprotein function after roux-en-Y gastric bypass: role of glucagon like peptide-1","volume":"131","author":"Osto","year":"2015","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"B146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0000000000001552","article-title":"Bile acids increase independently from hypocaloric restriction after bariatric surgery","volume":"264","author":"Jahansouz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"key":"B147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2015-2467","article-title":"Early increases in bile acids post roux-en-Y gastric bypass are driven by insulin-sensitizing, secondary bile acids","volume":"100","author":"Albaugh","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mam.2017.04.001","article-title":"Bile acids and bariatric surgery","volume":"56","author":"Albaugh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol Aspects Med"},{"key":"B149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0034-1382035","article-title":"Inflammatory status is different in relationship to insulin resistance in severely obese people and changes after bariatric surgery or diet-induced weight loss","volume":"122","author":"Ballesteros-Pomar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes"},{"key":"B150","article-title":"Farnesoid x receptor ligand CDCA suppresses human prostate cancer cells growth by inhibiting lipid metabolism via targeting sterol response element binding protein 1","volume":"8","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Transl Res"},{"key":"B151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00034.2006","article-title":"The physiology of glucagon-like peptide 1","volume":"87","author":"Holst","year":"2007","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"key":"B152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2015-2884","article-title":"Chenodeoxycholic acid as a potential prognostic marker for roux-en-Y gastric bypass in chinese obese patients","volume":"100","author":"Yu","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"001","DOI":"10.1159\/000149779","article-title":"Farnesoid x receptor induces GLUT4 expression through FXR response element in the GLUT4 promoter","volume":"22","author":"Shen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cell Physiol Biochem"},{"key":"B154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13135","article-title":"FXR is a molecular target for the effects of vertical sleeve gastrectomy","volume":"509","author":"Ryan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/db11-0815","article-title":"Bile acids acutely stimulate insulin secretion of mouse \u03b2-cells via farnesoid x receptor activation and KATP channel inhibition","volume":"61","author":"D\u00fcfer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"B156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2012-3736","article-title":"Weight loss induced by roux-en-Y gastric bypass but not laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding increases circulating bile acids","volume":"98","author":"Kohli","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.20522","article-title":"Bile acids and gut peptide secretion after bariatric surgery: a 1-year prospective randomized pilot trial","volume":"21","author":"Steinert","year":"2013","journal-title":"Obes (Silver Spring)"},{"key":"B158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/35.2.284","article-title":"The effects of ileal transposition on food intake and body weight loss in VMH-obese rats","volume":"35","author":"Koopmans","year":"1982","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"B159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00153.2004","article-title":"Weight loss through ileal transposition is accompanied by increased ileal hormone secretion and synthesis in rats","volume":"288","author":"Strader","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Physiology-Endocrinology And Metab"},{"key":"B160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2006.05.034","article-title":"Ileal transposition provides insight into the effectiveness of gastric bypass surgery","volume":"88","author":"Strader","year":"2006","journal-title":"Physiol Behav"},{"key":"B161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1007\/s11695-008-9754-x","article-title":"Ileal interposition improves glucose tolerance in low dose streptozotocin-treated diabetic and euglycemic rats","volume":"19","author":"Strader","year":"2009","journal-title":"Obes Surg"},{"key":"B162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1381\/096089205774512573","article-title":"Early improvement of glucose tolerance after ileal transposition in a non-obese type 2 diabetes rat model","volume":"15","author":"Patriti","year":"2005","journal-title":"Obes Surg"},{"key":"B163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00268-011-1188-2","article-title":"Short-term and mid-term control of type 2 diabetes mellitus by laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy with ileal interposition","volume":"35","author":"Tinoco","year":"2011","journal-title":"World J Surg"},{"key":"B164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41804","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M302861200","article-title":"Protein region important for regulation of lipid metabolism in angiopoietin-like 3 (ANGPTL3): ANGPTL3 is cleaved and activated in vivo","volume":"278","author":"Ono","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"B165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.M200367-JLR200","article-title":"Regulation of the angiopoietin-like protein 3 gene by LXR","volume":"44","author":"Kaplan","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Lipid Res"},{"key":"B166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2004.08.024","article-title":"Leptin and insulin down-regulate angiopoietin-like protein 3, a plasma triglyceride-increasing factor","volume":"322","author":"Shimamura","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"key":"B167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2004.03.151","article-title":"ANGPTL3 is increased in both insulin-deficient and -resistant diabetic states","volume":"317","author":"Inukai","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"key":"B168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2017.06.014","article-title":"ANGPTL8 promotes the ability of ANGPTL3 to bind and inhibit lipoprotein lipase","volume":"6","author":"Chi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol Metab"},{"key":"B169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1166","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.M075689","article-title":"ANGPTL8 requires ANGPTL3 to inhibit lipoprotein lipase and plasma triglyceride clearance","volume":"58","author":"Haller","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Lipid Res"},{"key":"B170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"787e793","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.107.127530","article-title":"Angiopoietin-related growth factor suppresses gluconeogenesis through the akt\/forkhead box class O1-dependent pathway in hepatocytes","volume":"323","author":"Kitazawa","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther"},{"key":"B171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-4658.2010.07979.x","article-title":"Angiopoietin-like proteins: emerging targets for treatment of obesity and related metabolic diseases","volume":"278","author":"Kadomatsu","year":"2011","journal-title":"FEBS J"},{"key":"B172","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0408452102","article-title":"Angiopoietin-like protein 4 decreases blood glucose and improves glucose tolerance but induces hyperlipidemia and hepatic steatosis in mice","volume":"102","author":"Xu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U.S.A."},{"key":"B173","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1186\/s12944-016-0337-x","article-title":"Increased ANGPTL3, 4 and ANGPTL8\/betatrophin expression levels in obesity and T2D","volume":"15","author":"Abu-Farha","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lipids Health Dis"},{"key":"B174","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2017.06.007","article-title":"Angiopoietin-like 4 directs uptake of dietary fat away from adipose tduring fasting","volume":"6","author":"Cushing EM","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol Metab"},{"key":"B175","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-4781(00)00067-1","article-title":"Identification of a novel FGF, FGF-21, preferentially expressed in the liver","volume":"1492","author":"Nishimura","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta"},{"key":"B176","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2009-0119","article-title":"Fibroblast growth factor 21 regulates lipolysis in white adipose tissue but is not required for ketogenesis and triglyceride clearance in liver","volume":"150","author":"Hotta","year":"2009","journal-title":"Endocrinol."},{"key":"B177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2017.03.005","article-title":"FGF21 regulates metabolism through adipose-dependent and -independent mechanisms","volume":"25","author":"Bon Durant","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"B178","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36926","DOI":"10.1038\/srep36926","article-title":"Fasting and feeding signals control the oscillatory expression of Angptl8 to modulate lipid metabolism","volume":"6","author":"Dang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B179","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3814687","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/3814687","article-title":"Circulating Angptl3 and Angptl8 are increased in patients with hypothyroidism","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"BioMed Res Int"},{"key":"B180","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jplph.2005.12.007","article-title":"Lipocalins - a family portrait","volume":"163","author":"Grzyb","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Plant Physiol"},{"key":"B181","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/nxz333","article-title":"Acute hyperenergetic, high-fat feeding increases circulating FGF21, LECT2, and fetuin-a in healthy men","volume":"150","author":"Willis","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Nutr"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Endocrinology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fendo.2023.1154561\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,19]],"date-time":"2023-05-19T13:01:06Z","timestamp":1684501266000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fendo.2023.1154561\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,19]]},"references-count":181,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fendo.2023.1154561"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fendo.2023.1154561","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-2392"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-2392","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,19]]},"article-number":"1154561"}}