{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T18:44:28Z","timestamp":1793213068789,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,3]],"date-time":"2023-07-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1688342400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Endocrinol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a real-life clinical physical activity program (DIAfit) on improving physical fitness, body composition, and cardiometabolic health in an unselected population with type 2 diabetes mellitus, and to compare the effects of two variants a different exercise frequencies on the same outcomes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Research design and methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>This was a cluster randomized-controlled assessor-blind trial conducted in 11 clinical centres in Switzerland. All participants in the clinical program with type 2 diabetes were eligible and were randomized to either standard (3 sessions\/week for 12 weeks) or alternative (1 session\/week for the first four weeks, then 2 sessions\/week for the rest of 16 weeks) physical activity program each consisting of 36 sessions of combined aerobic and resistance exercise. Allocation was concealed by a central office unrelated to the study. The primary outcome was aerobic fitness. Secondary outcome measures included: body composition, BMI, HbA<jats:sub>1c<\/jats:sub>, muscle strength, walking speed, balance, flexibility, blood pressure, lipid profile.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>All 185 patients with type 2 diabetes (mean age 59.7 +-10.2 years, 48% women) agreed to participate and were randomized in two groups: a standard group (n=88) and an alternative group (n=97)). There was an 11% increase in aerobic fitness after the program (12.5 Watts; 95% CI 6.76 to 18.25; p&amp;lt;0.001). Significant improvements in physical fitness, body composition, and cardiometabolic parameters were observed at the end of the DIAfit program (improvements between 2-29%) except for lean body mass, triglycerides and cholesterol. No differences were observed between both programs, except for a larger weight reduction of -0.97kg (95% CI -0.04 to -1.91; p=0.04) in the standard program.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Both frequency variants of the nation-wide DIAfit program had beneficial effects on physical fitness, HbA<jats:sub>1c<\/jats:sub>, body composition, and blood pressure in type 2 diabetes patients and differences were negligible.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Clinical trial registration<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:uri>clinicaltrials.gov<\/jats:uri>, identifier NCT01289587.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2023.1155217","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,3]],"date-time":"2023-07-03T08:17:59Z","timestamp":1688372279000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Effectiveness of a real-life program (DIAfit) to promote physical activity in 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