{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T02:28:23Z","timestamp":1790389703260,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,23]],"date-time":"2023-03-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1679529600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Endocrinol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The retina is increasingly recognized as a target of thyroid hormone. We previously reported critical functions for thyroid hormone receptor TR\u03b22, encoded by\n                    <jats:italic>Thrb<\/jats:italic>\n                    , in cones, the photoreceptors that mediate color vision. TR\u03b21, another\n                    <jats:italic>Thrb<\/jats:italic>\n                    receptor isoform, is widely expressed in other tissues but little studied in the retina. Here, we investigate these N-terminal isoforms by RNA-sequencing analysis and reveal a striking biphasic profile for TR\u03b21 in mouse and human retina. In contrast to the early TR\u03b22 peak, TR\u03b21 peaks later during retinal maturation or later differentiation of human retinal organoids. This switch in receptor expression profiles was confirmed using\n                    <jats:italic>lacZ<\/jats:italic>\n                    reporter mice. TR\u03b21 localized in cones, amacrine cells and ganglion cells in contrast to the restricted expression of TR\u03b22 in cones. Intriguingly, TR\u03b21 was also detected in the retinal pigmented epithelium and in anterior structures in the ciliary margin zone, ciliary body and iris, suggesting novel functions in non-retinal eye tissues. Although TR\u03b21 was detected in cones, TR\u03b21-knockout mice displayed only minor changes in opsin photopigment expression and normal electroretinogram responses. Our results suggest that strikingly different temporal and cell-specific controls over TR\u03b21 and TR\u03b22 expression may underlie thyroid hormone actions in a range of ocular cell types. The TR\u03b21 expression pattern suggests novel functions in retinal and non-neural ocular tissues.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2023.1174600","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,23]],"date-time":"2023-03-23T02:15:37Z","timestamp":1679537737000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Biphasic expression of thyroid hormone receptor TR\u03b21 in mammalian retina and anterior ocular 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