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Endocrinol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>Autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD) is known to be associated with unexplained infertility in women. Although the presence of antithyroid antibodies have been speculated to be a marker of an immune imbalance that might lead to implantation failure, its underlying mechanism influencing the endometrial receptivity remains to be elucidated. In this study, we used single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) to dissect immune microenvironment in endometrium of AITD patients during window of implantation (WOI).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We collected CD45<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> immune cell populations of endometrium samples of unexplained infertile women with AITD (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>=3), as well as samples of AITD<jats:sup>-<\/jats:sup> controls (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>=3). The cells were then processed with 10X Genomics Chromium for further analysis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>We characterized 28 distinct immune cell subtypes totally, and uncovered differences in the composition and gene expression patterns between AITD patients and controls. The proportions of T CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>, cNK, ILC3, T CD8<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup><jats:italic>GZMK<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup><\/jats:italic>, T CD8<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> Cytotoxic and ILC3 <jats:italic>CD3E<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>-<\/jats:sup> cells were increased, and CD366<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> uNK1 was decreased in AITD<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> patients. And the abnormal expression of <jats:italic>GNLY<\/jats:italic> and chemokines was observed in AITD patients. In addition, uNK and T CD8<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> Cytotoxic cells showed lower cytotoxicity but activation of immune response. Genes enriched in cell adhesion of ILC3 and Tregs were downregulated, while the number of ILC3 and Tregs were increased.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Immune imbalance exists in endometrium during WOI, which may impact embryo implantation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2023.1185147","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,12]],"date-time":"2023-07-12T23:24:46Z","timestamp":1689204286000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Autoimmune thyroid disease disrupts immune homeostasis in the endometrium of unexplained infertility women\u2014a single-cell RNA transcriptome study during the implantation 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