{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T21:34:20Z","timestamp":1793136860593,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,24]],"date-time":"2023-05-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1684886400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Endocrinol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>The clinical efficacy of ESWT in treating bone non union has been widely recognized, but the biological mechanism of ESWT promoting bone non union healing is still unclear. ESWT can make old callus micro fracture through mechanical conduction, form subperiosteal hematoma, promote the release of bioactive factors, reactivate the fracture healing mechanism, rebalance the activities of osteoblasts and osteoclast, promote the angiogenesis of fracture site, and accelerate the healing of bone nonunion.Over recent years, great efforts have been made by both scientists and clinicians to explore the underlying mechanism behind the healing effect of ESWT on bone fractures. In this review, we introduced the growth factors during osteogenesis induced by ESWT hoping to provide new insights in the clinical use of ESWT.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2023.1188297","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,24]],"date-time":"2023-05-24T02:11:06Z","timestamp":1684894266000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["The effects and underlying mechanism of extracorporeal shockwave therapy on fracture healing"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Fuxian","family":"Lv","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhenlan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuling","family":"Jing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liyuan","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhiwei","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haoyang","family":"Duan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.9462","article-title":"Experimental study of the synergistic effect and network regulation mechanisms of an applied combination of BMP-2, VEGF, and TGF-\u03b21 on osteogenic differentiation[J]","volume":"121","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Cell Biochem"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-03124-z","article-title":"Periosteum contains skeletal stem cells with high bone regenerative potential controlled by periostin","volume":"9","author":"Duchamp de Lageneste","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0019-5413.189602","article-title":"Human autologous mesenchymal stem cells with extracorporeal shock wave therapy for nonunion of long bones","volume":"50","author":"Zhai","year":"2016","journal-title":"Indian J Orthop"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2015.06.035","article-title":"Shock wave therapy of fracture nonunion","volume":"46","author":"Alkhawashki","year":"2015","journal-title":"Injury"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00193-014-0542-3","article-title":"The effect of\u2002shock wave therapy on gene expression in human osteoblasts isolated from hypertrophic fracture\u2002non-unions","volume":"25","author":"Hofmann","year":"2015","journal-title":"Shock Waves"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2023.1121026","article-title":"Research progress in extracorporeal shock wave therapy for upper limb spasticity after stroke","volume":"14","author":"Haoyang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2019.11.003","article-title":"Identification of functionally distinct Mx1+ \u03b1SMA+ periosteal skeletal stem cells","volume":"25","author":"Ortinau","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scr.2013.05.010","article-title":"Cell biological effects of mechanical stimulations generated by focused extracorporeal shock wave applications on cultured human bone marrow stromal cells","volume":"11","author":"Suhr","year":"2013","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2013.07.112","article-title":"Extracorporeal shock wave stimulates expression of the angiogenic genes via mechanosensory complex in endothelial cells: mimetic effect of fluid shear stress in endothelial cells","volume":"168","author":"Ha","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.4863199","article-title":"Characterization of the shock pulse-induced cavitation bubble activities recorded by an optical fiber hydrophone","volume":"135","author":"Kang","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Acoust Soc Am"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep30637","article-title":"Dose-dependent and cell type-specific cell death and proliferation following in vitro exposure to radial extracorporeal shock waves","volume":"6","author":"Hochstrasser","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4977638","article-title":"Elimination of cavitation-related attenuation in shock wave lithotripsy","volume":"1821","author":"Sankin","year":"2017","journal-title":"AIP Conf Proc"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1590\/1806-9282.61.01.065","article-title":"Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy in the treatment of renal and ureteral stones","volume":"61","author":"Torricelli","year":"2015","journal-title":"Rev Assoc Med Bras"},{"key":"B14","article-title":"Analysis of the safety and efficacy of combined extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy and percutaneous nephrolithotomy for the treatment of complex renal calculus","volume":"21","author":"He","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci"},{"key":"B15","first-page":"8","article-title":"Improved rate of peripheral nerve regeneration induced by\u2002extracorporeal\u2002shock wave\u2002treatment in the rat","volume":"263","author":"Hausner","year":"2012","journal-title":"Exp Neurol"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0171276","article-title":"Extracorporeal shock waves alone or combined with raloxifene promote bone formation and suppress resorption in ovariectomized rats","volume":"12","author":"Lama","year":"2017","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.2147\/IJNRD.S389219","article-title":"A review of the cellular and molecular effects of extracorporeal shockwave therapy","volume":"29","author":"Chamberlain","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/SAP.0000000000001279","article-title":"Extracorporal shock wave therapy enhances receptor for advanced glycated end-product-dependent flap survival and angiogenesis","volume":"80","author":"Birgin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann Plast Surg"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4317\/medoral.21556","article-title":"Is it possible to change of the duration of consolidation period in the distraction osteogenesis with the repetition of extracorporeal shock waves","volume":"22","author":"Onger","year":"2017","journal-title":"Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijsu.2015.09.068","article-title":"Osteogenetic effect of extracorporeal shock waves in human","volume":"24","author":"Gerdesmeyer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Surg"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11211[1][2]18","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-200106000-00015","article-title":"Effect\u2002of\u2002shock wave therapy on acute fractures of the tibia: a\u2002study in a dog model","volume":"387","author":"Wang","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620x.84b4.11621","article-title":"Influence of extracorporeal shock-wave application on normal bone in an animal model in vivo: scintigraphy, MRI and histopathology","volume":"84","author":"Maier","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Br"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.orthres.2003.10.005","article-title":"Recruitment\u2002of\u2002mesenchymal stem cells and expression of\u2002TGF-beta 1 and\u2002VEGF\u2002in the\u2002early stage of shock wave-promoted bone regeneration of segmental defect in rats","volume":"22","author":"Chen","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Orthop Res"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/term.1922","article-title":"Extracorporeal shockwaves (ESWs) enhance the osteogenic medium-induced differentiation of adipose-derived stem cells into\u2002osteoblast-like cells","volume":"11","author":"Catalano","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Tissue Eng Regener Med"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultrasmedbio.2015.10.021","article-title":"Effects of focused extracorporeal shock waves on bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells in patients with avascular necrosis of the femoral head","volume":"42","author":"Zhai","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ultrasound Med Biol"},{"key":"B26","article-title":"Mechanism\u2002of\u2002BMP and TG2 in mesenchymal stem cell osteogenesis","volume":"19","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-011-2328-6","article-title":"Chondrogenesis from umbilical cord blood cells stimulated with BMP-2 and BMP-6","volume":"33","author":"de Mara","year":"2013","journal-title":"Rheumatol Int"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2016.03.032","article-title":"RGD and BMP-2 mimetic peptide crosstalk enhances osteogenic commitment of human bone marrow stem\u2002cells","volume":"36","author":"Bilem","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Biomater"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2018.9374","article-title":"Combined treatment with extracorporeal shock-wave therapy and bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell transplantation improves bone repair in a rabbit model of bone nonunion","volume":"17","author":"Fan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol Med Rep"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4081\/or.2012.e4","article-title":"The use of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 for the treatment of a delayed union following femoral neck open-wedge osteotomy","volume":"4","author":"Baltzer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Orthop Rev (Pavia)"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0366-6999.192776","article-title":"Effects of roughly focused extracorporeal shock waves therapy on the expressions of bone morphogenetic Protein-2 and osteoprotegerin in osteoporotic fracture in rats","volume":"129","author":"Huang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chin Med J (Engl)"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.2003.18.12.2169","article-title":"Shock wave application enhances pertussis toxin protein-sensitive bone formation of segmental femoral defect in rats","volume":"18","author":"Chen","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17179\/excli2015-423","article-title":"Regulatory RNAs controlling vascular (dys)function by affecting TGF-\u00df family signalling","volume":"14","author":"Kurakula","year":"2015","journal-title":"EXCLI J"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2004.12.008","article-title":"Expression of\u2002bone\u2002morphogenic protein 2\/4, transforming growth factor-beta1, and\u2002bone\u2002matrix protein expression in healing area between vascular tibia grafts and irradiated\u2002bone-experimental model of osteonecrosis","volume":"61","author":"Schultze-Mosgau","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620x.84b3.11609","article-title":"Extracorporeal shock wave promotes growth and differentiation of bone-marrow stromal cells towards osteoprogenitors associated with induction of TGF-beta 1","volume":"84","author":"Wang","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Br"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2014.04.031","article-title":"Deletion of core-binding factor beta (Cbf beta) in mesenchymal progenitor cells provides new insights into cbf beta\/Runxs complex function in cartilage and bone development","volume":"65","author":"Wu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.2275","article-title":"Core binding factor beta (Cbf beta) controls the balance of chondrocyte proliferation and differentiation by upregulating Indian hedgehog (Ihh) expression and inhibiting parathyroid hormone-related protein receptor (PPR) expression in postnatal cartilage and bone formation","volume":"29","author":"Tian","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.2587","article-title":"Core binding factor beta of osteoblasts maintains cortical bone mass via stabilization of Runx2 in mice","volume":"30","author":"Lim","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M412891200","article-title":"Critical regulation of bone morphogenetic protein-induced osteoblastic differentiation by Delta1\/Jagged1-activated notch","volume":"280","author":"Masuhiro","year":"2005","journal-title":"Signaling."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M104587200","article-title":"Superoxide mediates\u2002shock wave induction\u2002of ERK-dependent osteogenic\u2002transcription factor\u2002(CBFA1) and mesenchymal cell differentiation toward osteoprogenitors","volume":"277","author":"Wang","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/CS20140390","article-title":"Basic fibroblast growth\u2002factor\u2002induces\u2002VEGF\u2002expression in chondrosarcoma cells and subsequently promotes endothelial progenitor cell-primed\u2002angiogenesis","volume":"474","author":"Tzeng","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Sci (Lond)"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1042\/BCJ20160980","article-title":"GFAT1 phosphorylation by AMPK promotes\u2002VEGF-inducedangiogenesis","volume":"474","author":"Zibrova","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biochem J"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2017.6110","article-title":"BDNF regulates the expression and secretion of\u2002VEGFfrom osteoblasts via the TrkB\/ERK1\/2 signaling pathway during\u2002fracture\u2002healing","volume":"15","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol Med Rep"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-6041\/10\/3\/035013","article-title":"Enhanced\u2002angiogenesis\u2002and\u2002osteogenesis\u2002in critical bone defects by the controlled release of BMP-2 and\u2002VEGF: implantation of electron beam melting-fabricated porous Ti6Al4V scaffolds incorporating growth factor-doped fibrin glue","volume":"10","author":"Lv","year":"2015","journal-title":"BioMed Mater"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.orthres.2003.10.005","article-title":"Recruitment of\u2002mesenchymal\u2002stem\u2002cells\u2002and expression of TGF-beta 1 and\u2002VEGF\u2002in the early stage of\u2002shock wave-promoted bone regeneration of segmental defect in rats","volume":"22","author":"Chen","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Orthop Res"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M308013200","article-title":"Ras\u2002induction of superoxide activates\u2002ERK-dependentangiogenic transcription factor HIF-lalpha and VEGF-a expression in shock wave-stimulated osteoblasts","volume":"279","author":"Wang","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M111.279091","article-title":"Inhibition of insulin-like\u2002Growth factor-1 (IGF-1) expression by prolonged Transforming\u2002Growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-beta 1) administration Suppresses\u2002OsteoblastDifferentiation","volume":"287","author":"Ochiai","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"B48","article-title":"Differential effects of IGF-I, IGF-II and\u2002insulin in human preadipocytes and\u2002adipocytes - role of\u2002insulin\u2002and IGF-I receptors","volume":"339","author":"Bck","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol Cell Endocrinol"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2013.07.023","article-title":"Transforming\u2002growth factor beta\u20021\u2002induces\u2002CXCL16 andleukemia inhibitory factor expression in osteoclasts to modulate migration of osteoblast progenitors","volume":"57","author":"Ota","year":"2013","journal-title":"Bone."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2013-1209","article-title":"Deletion of growth hormone receptors in postnatal skeletal muscle of male micedoes not alter muscle mass and response to pathological injury","volume":"154","author":"Vijayakumar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiosc.201305.019","article-title":"Xeno-free and shrinkage-free preparation of scaffold-free cartilage-like discshaped\u2002cell sheet using human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells","volume":"2013116","author":"Sato","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Biosci Bioeng"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(sici)1097-4644(19980315)68:4<446::aid-jcb5>3.3.co;2-m","article-title":"Alternate\u2002signaling pathways selectively regulate binding of\u2002insulin-like growth factor I and II on fetal rat bone cells","volume":"68","author":"Mccarthy","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Cell Biochem"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.orthres.2003.10.013","article-title":"Extracorporeal\u2002shock waves promote healing of collagenase-induced\u2002Achilles\u2002tendinitis and increase\u2002TGF-beta1 and IGF-I expression","volume":"22","author":"Chen","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Orthop Res"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1007\/s11010-013-1716-5","article-title":"Fibroblast\u2002growth factor-7 facilitates osteogenic differentiation of embryonic stem cells through the activation of\u2002ERK\/Runx2 signaling","volume":"382","author":"Jeon","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol Cell Biochem"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0144982","article-title":"Expression\u2002of\u2002osterix is regulated by\u2002FGF\u2002and wnt\/\u03b2-catenin signalling during osteoblast differentiation","volume":"10","author":"Felber","year":"2015","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.TEC.2016.0094","article-title":"Growth\u2002Factor dose tuning for bone progenitor cell proliferation and differentiation on resorbable poly(propylene fumarate)Scaffolds","volume":"22","author":"Mishra","year":"2016","journal-title":"Tissue Eng Part C Methods"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1038\/boneres.2016.9","article-title":"TGF-\u03b2 and\u2002BMP\u2002signaling in osteoblast, skeletal development, and\u2002bone formation, homeostasis and disease","volume":"264","author":"Wu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Bone Res"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00402-010-1166-4","article-title":"Stimulation of bone growth factor synthesis in human osteoblasts and fibroblasts after extracorporeal shock wave application","volume":"131","author":"Hausdorf","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arch Orthop Trauma Surg"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2016.07.002","article-title":"The efficacy of\u2002Platelet-derived growth factor\u2002as a bone-stimulating agent","volume":"21","author":"Krell","year":"2016","journal-title":"Foot Ankle Clin"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2013.07.015","article-title":"Trapidil, a\u2002platelet-derived growth factor\u2002antagonist, inhibits osteoclastogenesis by down-regulating NFATc1 and suppresses\u2002bone\u2002loss in mice","volume":"86","author":"Kim","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biochem Pharmacol"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2014.09.017","article-title":"Bringing new life to\u2002damaged\u2002bone: the importance of angiogenesis in\u2002bone\u2002repair\u2002and regeneration","volume":"70","author":"Stegen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15216549700204121","article-title":"The\u2002increased\u2002level of PDGF-a contributes to the increased proliferation\u2002induced by\u2002mechanical stimulation\u2002in osteoblastic cells","volume":"43","author":"Wang","year":"1997","journal-title":"Biochem Mol Biol Int"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Endocrinology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fendo.2023.1188297\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,24]],"date-time":"2023-05-24T02:11:10Z","timestamp":1684894270000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fendo.2023.1188297\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,24]]},"references-count":62,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fendo.2023.1188297"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fendo.2023.1188297","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-2392"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-2392","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,24]]},"article-number":"1188297"}}