{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,13]],"date-time":"2026-06-13T18:02:50Z","timestamp":1781373770304,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,20]],"date-time":"2023-07-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1689811200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81973894, 82174421"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81973894, 82174421"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Endocrinol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>The correlation between potential risk factors such as obesity (leg fat percentage (left), arm fat percentage (left), waist circumference, body fat percentage, trunk fat percentage), smoking behaviors (past tobacco smoking, smoking initiation, smoking\/smokers in household, current tobacco smoking) and reproductive traits (age first had sexual intercourse (AFS), age at menarche (AAM), and age at first birth (AFB)) have been linked to the occurrence of spontaneous abortion (SA). However, the causal associations between these factors and SA remain unclear.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We conducted univariable and multivariable Mendelian randomization (MR) analyses to evaluate the associations of obesity, smoking behavior and reproductive traits with SA. To select appropriate genetic instruments, we considered those that had reached the genome-wide significance level (P\u2009&amp;lt;\u20095\u2009\u00d7\u200910<jats:sup>\u20138<\/jats:sup>) in their corresponding genome-wide association studies (GWAS) involving a large number of individuals (ranging from 29,346 to 1,232,091). SA was obtained from the FinnGen consortium, which provided summary-level data for 15,073 SA cases and 135,962 non-cases.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Assessed individually using MR, the odds ratios (ORs) of SA were 0.728 (P = 4.3608\u00d710<jats:sup>-8<\/jats:sup>), 1.063 (P = 0.0321), 0.926 (P = 9.4205\u00d710<jats:sup>-4<\/jats:sup>), 1.141 (P = 7.9882\u00d710<jats:sup>-3<\/jats:sup>), 5.154 (P = 0.0420), 1.220 (P = 0.0350), 1.228 (P = 0.0117), 0.795 (P = 0.0056), 1.126 (P = 0.0318), for one standard deviation (SD) increase in AFS, AAM, AFB, smoking initiation, smoking\/smokers in household, arm fat percentage (left), leg fat percentage (left), waist circumference and body fat percentage, 0.925 (P = 0.4158) and 1.075 (P = 0.1479) for one SD increase in past tobacco smoking, trunk fat percentage for one SD increase in SA. In multivariable MR (MVMR), only AFS (OR = 0.802; P = 0.0250), smoking initiation (OR = 1.472, P = 0.0258), waist circumference (OR = 0.813, P = 0.0220) and leg fat percentage (left) (OR = 4.446, P = 0.043) retained a robust effect.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Smoking behaviors, reproductive traits and obesity-related anthropometric indicators are potential causal factors for SA. Higher leg fat percentage; smoking initiation; and lower waist circumference and AFS may increase the risk of SA. Understanding the causal relationship for SA may provide more information for SA intervention and prevention strategies.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2023.1193995","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,21]],"date-time":"2023-07-21T08:07:36Z","timestamp":1689926856000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Associations between obesity, smoking behaviors, reproductive traits and spontaneous abortion: a univariable and multivariable Mendelian randomization 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