{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:13:06Z","timestamp":1787026386623,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,29]],"date-time":"2023-08-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1693267200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Endocrinol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>No existing comprehensive Mendelian randomization studies have focused on how obesity affects respiratory diseases.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>BMI and waist circumference, mainly from the UK Biobank, and 35 respiratory diseases from the FinnGen Biobank were subjected to Mendelian randomization analyses. In this study, the inverse variance weighting method was used as the predominant analysis method and was complemented by MR-Egger and weighted median methods. Horizontal pleiotropy and potential outliers were detected by employing the MR-PRESSO method.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study indicated that obesity rises the possibility of acute upper respiratory infections (BMI: OR=1.131, p&amp;lt;0.0001; WC: OR=1.097, p=0.00406), acute sinusitis (BMI: OR=1.161, p=0.000262; WC: OR=1.209, p=0.000263), acute pharyngitis (WC: OR=1.238, p=0.0258), acute laryngitis and tracheitis (BMI: OR=1.202, p=0.0288; WC: OR=1.381, p=0.00192), all influenza (BMI: OR=1.243, p=0.000235; WC: OR=1.206, p=0.0119), viral pneumonia (WC: OR=1.446, p=0.000870), all pneumoniae (BMI: OR=1.174, p &amp;lt;0.0001; WC:\u00a0OR=1.272, p &amp;lt;0.0001), bacterial pneumoniae (BMI: OR=1.183, p=0.000290; WC: OR=1.274, p&amp;lt;0.0001), acute bronchitis (BMI: OR=1.252, p\u00a0&amp;lt;0.0001; WC: OR=1.237, p=0.000268), acute unspecified lower respiratory infection (BMI: OR=1.303, p=0.000403), chronic tonsils and adenoids diseases (BMI: OR=1.236, p &amp;lt;0.0001; WC: OR=1.178, p=0.000157), chronic laryngotracheitis and laryngitis (WC: OR=1.300, p=0.00785), COPD (BMI: OR=1.429, p &amp;lt;0.0001; WC: OR=1.591, p &amp;lt;0.0001), asthma (BMI: OR=1.358, p\u00a0&amp;lt;0.0001; WC: OR=1.515, p &amp;lt;0.0001), necrotic and suppurative conditions of lower respiratory tract (WC: OR=1.405, p=0.0427), pleural effusion (BMI: OR=1.277, p=0.00225; WC: OR=1.561, p&amp;lt;0.0001), pleural plaque (BMI: OR=1.245, p=0.0312), other diseases of the respiratory system (BMI:\u00a0OR=1.448, p &amp;lt;0.0001; WC: OR=1.590, p &amp;lt;0.0001), and non-small cell lung cancer (BMI: OR=1.262, p=0.00576; WC: OR=1.398, p=0.00181). This study also indicated that obesity decreases the possibility of bronchiectasis (BMI: OR=0.705; p=0.00200).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study revealed that obesity increases the risk of the majority of respiratory diseases (including 20 of all 35 respiratory diseases) and that obesity decreases the risk of bronchiectasis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2023.1197730","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,30]],"date-time":"2023-08-30T04:46:04Z","timestamp":1693370764000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["Obesity and risk for respiratory diseases: a Mendelian randomization study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Wenwen","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanjiang","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinde","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Minjie","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Biao","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S4","DOI":"10.1093\/advances\/nmy055","article-title":"Humans against obesity: Who will win","volume":"10","author":"Caballero","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv Nutr (Bethesda Md.)"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1614362","article-title":"Health effects of overweight and obesity in 195 countries over 25 years","volume":"377","author":"Afshin","year":"2017","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000441-200104000-00006","article-title":"Pulmonary complications of obesity","volume":"321","author":"Koenig","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Med Sci"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1479972308096978","article-title":"Obesity and respiratory diseases","volume":"5","author":"Murugan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Chronic Respir Dis"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.59.10.940","article-title":"Obesity and respiratory symptoms in primary school","volume":"59","author":"Somerville","year":"1984","journal-title":"Arch Dis Childhood"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.2002.001529","article-title":"Obesity and asthma in 11-12 year old New Zealand children in 1989 and 2000","volume":"60","author":"Wickens","year":"2005","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1398-9995.2001.00727.x","article-title":"Is obesity a risk factor for childhood asthma","volume":"56","author":"von Kries","year":"2001","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/thorax.56.11.835","article-title":"Relation of body mass index to asthma and atopy in children: the National Health and Nutrition Examination Study III","volume":"56","author":"von Mutius","year":"2001","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/000992289002900701","article-title":"Childhood obesity. Medical and familial correlates and age of onset","volume":"29","author":"Unger","year":"1990","journal-title":"Clin Pediatrics"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2003.09.047","article-title":"Is obesity associated with asthma in young children","volume":"144","author":"To","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Pediatrics"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/thorax.58.12.1031","article-title":"Asthma and atopy in overweight children","volume":"58","author":"Schachter","year":"2003","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.156.3.269","article-title":"Identification of population subgroups of children and adolescents with high asthma prevalence: findings from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey","volume":"156","author":"Rodr\u00edguez","year":"2002","journal-title":"Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/pubmed\/fdh180","article-title":"Trends in childhood and parental asthma prevalence in Merseyside, 1991-1998","volume":"26","author":"Rizwan","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Public Health (Oxf Engl)"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm\/148.1.10","article-title":"Race and gender differences in respiratory illness prevalence and their relationship to environmental exposures in children 7 to 14 years of age","volume":"148","author":"Gold","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1081\/JAS-100105872","article-title":"Asthma and obesity in adolescents: is there an association","volume":"38","author":"Brenner","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Asthma"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1081\/JAS-120026097","article-title":"The relationship between asthma and obesity in children: is it real or a case of over diagnosis","volume":"41","author":"Bibi","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Asthma"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2020.05.014","article-title":"Relationship between body mass index, risk of venous thromboembolism and pulmonary embolism: A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of cohort studies among four million participants","volume":"192","author":"Rahmani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Thromb Res"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15412555.2021.1884213","article-title":"Association of body mass index with risk of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"18","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Copd"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyz070","article-title":"Elucidation of causal direction between asthma and obesity: a bi-directional Mendelian randomization study","volume":"48","author":"Xu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-021-02188-x","article-title":"Causal role of high body mass index in multiple chronic diseases: a systematic review and meta-analysis of Mendelian randomization studies","volume":"19","author":"Larsson","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-020-00630-7","article-title":"Body mass index and risk of infections: a Mendelian randomization study of 101,447 individuals","volume":"35","author":"Winter-Jensen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur J Epidemiol"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-022-07798-6","article-title":"Causal relationships between potential risk factors and chronic rhinosinusitis: a bidirectional two-sample Mendelian randomization study","volume":"2022","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur Arch Oto-Rhino-Laryngol"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2008","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.08.10.244293","article-title":"The MRC IEU OpenGWAS data infrastructure","volume":"2020","author":"Elsworth","year":"2020","journal-title":"BioRxiv"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddy271","article-title":"Meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies for height and body mass index in \u223c700000 individuals of European ancestry","volume":"27","author":"Yengo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hum Mol Genet"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2003","DOI":"10.1101\/2022.03.03.22271360","article-title":"FinnGen: Unique genetic insights from combining isolated population and national health register data","volume":"2022","author":"Kurki","year":"2022","journal-title":"MedRxiv"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3386\/t0151","volume-title":"Instrumental variables regression with weak instruments","author":"Staiger","year":"1994"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyx102","article-title":"Robust inference in summary data Mendelian randomization via the zero modal pleiotropy assumption","volume":"46","author":"Hartwig","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/gepi.21965","article-title":"Consistent estimation in Mendelian randomization with some invalid instruments using a weighted median estimator","volume":"40","author":"Bowden","year":"2016","journal-title":"Genet Epidemiol"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2017.3191","article-title":"Inflammatory biomarkers and risk of schizophrenia: a 2-sample Mendelian randomization study","volume":"74","author":"Hartwig","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.34408","article-title":"The MR-Base platform supports systematic causal inference across the human phenome","volume":"7","author":"Hemani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40471-017-0128-6","article-title":"Recent developments in Mendelian randomization studies","volume":"4","author":"Zheng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr Epidemiol Rep"},{"key":"B32","article-title":"Commentary: Mendelian randomization-inspired causal inference in the absence of genetic data","volume":"46","author":"Zuccolo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2589-7500(19)30028-7","article-title":"A data-driven approach for studying the role of body mass in multiple diseases: a phenome-wide registry-based case-control study in the UK Biobank","volume":"1","author":"Hypp\u00f6nen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Digital Health"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"k1274","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.k1274","article-title":"Is BMI the best measure of obesity","volume":"360","author":"Adab","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bmj"},{"key":"B35","article-title":"Obesity and the lung: 1","volume":"63","author":"McClean","year":"2008","journal-title":"Epidemiol Thorax"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehab454","article-title":"Association between adiposity and cardiovascular outcomes: an umbrella review and meta-analysis of observational and Mendelian randomization studies","volume":"42","author":"Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-022-07798-6","article-title":"Causal relationships between potential risk factors and chronic rhinosinusitis: a bidirectional two-sample Mendelian randomization study","volume":"280","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur Arch oto-rhino-laryngol"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.4103\/lungindia.lungindia_701_20","article-title":"Clinical impact of obesity on respiratory diseases: A real-life study","volume":"38","author":"Cortes-Telles","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lung India: Off Organ Indian Chest Society"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.21037\/arh.2017.08.06","article-title":"Obesity, respiratory disease and pulmonary infections","volume":"1","author":"Fernandez","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann Res Hosp"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201203-0573OC","article-title":"Obesity and asthma: an inflammatory disease of adipose tissue not the airway","volume":"186","author":"Sideleva","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI57132","article-title":"Inflammatory links between obesity and metabolic disease","volume":"121","author":"Lumeng","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1097\/MCP.0b013e3280110196","article-title":"Obesity and asthma: implications for treatment","volume":"13","author":"Shore","year":"2007","journal-title":"Curr Opin pulmonary Med"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1081\/JAS-120037651","article-title":"Relationship between asthma severity and obesity","volume":"41","author":"Akerman","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Asthma"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Endocrinology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fendo.2023.1197730\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,30]],"date-time":"2023-08-30T04:46:07Z","timestamp":1693370767000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fendo.2023.1197730\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,29]]},"references-count":43,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fendo.2023.1197730"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fendo.2023.1197730","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-2392"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-2392","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,29]]},"article-number":"1197730"}}