{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,7]],"date-time":"2026-11-07T20:26:53Z","timestamp":1794083213476,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,18]],"date-time":"2023-07-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1689638400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Endocrinol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>p-cresol is a metabolite produced by microbial metabolism of aromatic amino acid tyrosine. p-cresol and its conjugated forms, p-cresyl sulfate and p-cresyl glucuronide, are uremic toxins that correlate positively with chronic kidney disease and diabetes pathogenesis. However, how p-cresol affects gut hormones is unclear. Here, we expose immortalized GLUTag cells to increasing concentrations of p-cresol and found that p-cresol inhibited <jats:italic>Gcg<\/jats:italic> expression and reduced glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) secretion <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>. In mice, administration of p-cresol in the drinking water for 2 weeks reduced the transcript levels of <jats:italic>Gcg<\/jats:italic> and other gut hormones in the colon; however, it did not affect either fasting or glucose-induced plasma GLP-1 levels. Furthermore, it did not affect glucose tolerance but promoted faster small intestinal transit in mice. Overall, our data suggest that microbial metabolite p-cresol suppresses transcript levels of gut hormones and regulates small intestinal transit in mice.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2023.1200391","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,18]],"date-time":"2023-07-18T10:03:27Z","timestamp":1689674607000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Microbial metabolite p-cresol inhibits gut hormone expression and regulates small intestinal transit in mice"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Pernille Baumann","family":"Toft","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amanda 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