{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T02:26:53Z","timestamp":1789180013193,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,8]],"date-time":"2023-09-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1694131200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Endocrinol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Observational studies have reported an association between polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and COVID-19, but a definitive causal relationship has not been established. This study aimed to assess this association using two-way two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A summary of PCOS characteristics was compiled using the PCOS summary statistics from the Apollo University of Cambridge Repository. COVID-19 susceptibility and severity statistics, including hospitalization and extremely severe disease, were obtained from genome-wide association studies from the COVID-19 Host Genetics Initiative. The primary analysis used the inverse variance-weighted method, supplemented by the weighted median, MR-Egger, and MR-PRESSO methods.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The forward MR analysis showed no significant impact of PCOS on COVID-19 susceptibility, hospitalization, or severity (OR = 0.983, 1.011, 1.014; 95% CI = 0.958\u20131.008, 0.958\u20131.068, 0.934\u20131.101; and\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.173, 0.68, 0.733; respectively). Similarly, reverse MR analysis found no evidence supporting COVID-19 phenotypes as risk or protective factors for PCOS (OR = 1.041, 0.995, 0.944; 95% CI = 0.657\u20131.649, 0.85\u20131.164, 0.843\u20131.058; and\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.864, 0.945, 0.323; respectively). Consequently, no significant association between any COVID-19 phenotype and PCOS was established.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This MR study suggested that PCOS is not a causal risk factor for the susceptibility and severity of COVID-19. The associations identified in previous observational studies might be attributable to the presence of comorbidities in the patients.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2023.1229900","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,8]],"date-time":"2023-09-08T08:15:04Z","timestamp":1694160904000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["The causal association between polycystic ovary syndrome and susceptibility and severity of COVID-19: a bidirectional Mendelian randomization study using genetic data"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Yu","family":"Si","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuye","family":"Fei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hua","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yating","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Ning","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiu","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qingling","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23031716","article-title":"SARS-coV-2-specific immune response and the pathogenesis of COVID-19","volume":"23","author":"Gusev","year":"2022","journal-title":"IJMS"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(20)30076-X","article-title":"Pathological findings of COVID-19 associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome","volume":"8","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-022-00807-9","article-title":"The effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on community respiratory virus activity","volume":"21","author":"Chow","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abm4915","article-title":"The changing epidemiology of SARS-CoV-2","volume":"375","author":"Koelle","year":"2022","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2019.04.006","article-title":"Anti-m\u00fcllerian hormone in PCOS: A review informing international guidelines","volume":"30","author":"Teede","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo11120869","article-title":"Metabolic syndrome and PCOS: pathogenesis and the role of metabolites","volume":"11","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Metabolites"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.22859","article-title":"Association of obesity with disease severity among patients with coronavirus disease 2019","volume":"28","author":"Kalligeros","year":"2020","journal-title":"Obes (Silver Spring)"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"896","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa415","article-title":"Obesity in patients younger than 60 years is a risk factor for Covid-19 hospital admission","volume":"71","author":"Lighter","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2020.154262","article-title":"Severe obesity, increasing age and male sex are independently associated with worse in-hospital outcomes, and higher in-hospital mortality, in a cohort of patients with COVID-19 in the Bronx, New York","volume":"108","author":"Palaiodimos","year":"2020","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2021.154814","article-title":"Diabetes and COVID-19: The past, the present, and the future","volume":"121","author":"Pranata","year":"2021","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(22)00163-2","article-title":"Polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"10","author":"Joham","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-20-1163","article-title":"Increased COVID-19 infections in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a population-based study","volume":"184","author":"Subramanian","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2020.105770","article-title":"Coronavirus Disease 2019 (SARS-CoV-2) and polycystic ovarian disease: Is there a higher risk for these women","volume":"205","author":"Morgante","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2021.09.009","article-title":"Hyperglycemia in acute COVID-19 is characterized by insulin resistance and adipose tissue infectivity by SARS-CoV-2","volume":"33","author":"Reiterer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jrsm.1346","article-title":"Meta-analysis and Mendelian randomization: A review","volume":"10","author":"Bowden","year":"2019","journal-title":"Res Synth Methods"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"k601","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.k601","article-title":"Reading Mendelian randomisation studies: a guide, glossary, and checklist for clinicians","volume":"362","author":"Davies","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0962280215597579","article-title":"A review of instrumental variable estimators for Mendelian randomization","volume":"26","author":"Burgess","year":"2017","journal-title":"Stat Methods Med Res"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41431-020-0636-6","article-title":"The COVID-19 Host Genetics Initiative, a global initiative to elucidate the role of host genetic factors in susceptibility and severity of the SARS-CoV-2 virus pandemic","volume":"28","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur J Hum Genet"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1007813","article-title":"Large-scale genome-wide meta-analysis of polycystic ovary syndrome suggests shared genetic architecture for different diagnosis criteria","volume":"14","author":"Day","year":"2018","journal-title":"PloS Genet"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dmrr.3319","article-title":"Diabetes is a risk factor for the progression and prognosis of COVID-19","volume":"36","author":"Guo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab Res Rev"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-med-042220-011857","article-title":"COVID-19 and diabetes","volume":"73","author":"Singh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Annu Rev Med"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2020.108125","article-title":"COVID-19 and diabetes: Can DPP4 inhibition play a role","volume":"162","author":"Iacobellis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2021.154732","article-title":"Impact of body composition on COVID-19 susceptibility and severity: A two-sample multivariable Mendelian randomization study","volume":"118","author":"Freuer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10405","article-title":"Genetic variants in novel pathways influence blood pressure and cardiovascular disease risk","volume":"478","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/gepi.21965","article-title":"Consistent estimation in mendelian randomization with some invalid instruments using a weighted median estimator","volume":"40","author":"Bowden","year":"2016","journal-title":"Genet Epidemiol"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-017-0255-x","article-title":"Interpreting findings from Mendelian randomization using the MR-Egger method","volume":"32","author":"Burgess","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur J Epidemiol"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyv080","article-title":"Mendelian randomization with invalid instruments: effect estimation and bias detection through Egger regression","volume":"44","author":"Bowden","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/gepi.22207","article-title":"Implementing MR-PRESSO and GCTA-GSMR for pleiotropy assessment in Mendelian randomization studies from a practitioner's perspective","volume":"43","author":"Ong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Genet Epidemiol"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-018-0099-7","article-title":"Detection of widespread horizontal pleiotropy in causal relationships inferred from Mendelian randomization between complex traits and diseases","volume":"50","author":"Verbanck","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyt179","article-title":"Calculating statistical power in Mendelian randomization studies","volume":"42","author":"Brion","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07853890.2022.2136399","article-title":"Is there a diurnal variation of COVID-19 patients warranting presentation to the health centre? A chronobiological observational cross-sectional study","volume":"54","author":"Romdhani","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann Med"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scispo.2023.01.002","article-title":"Mental health, eating habits and physical activity levels of elite Iranian athletes during the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"29","author":"Taheri","year":"2023","journal-title":"Science&Sports"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40618-020-01383-6","article-title":"Gender susceptibility to COVID-19: a review of the putative role of sex hormones and X chromosome","volume":"44","author":"Foresta","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Endocrinol Invest"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2020.10.014","article-title":"The role of androgens in COVID-19","volume":"14","author":"Moradi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab Syndr"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-020-01697-5","article-title":"Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and COVID-19: an overlooked female patient population at potentially higher risk during the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"18","author":"Kyrou","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cob.12420","article-title":"Obesity and COVID-19: A jigsaw puzzle with still missing pieces","volume":"11","author":"Michalakis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Obes"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2020.04.033","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 infection and obesity: Common inflammatory and metabolic aspects","volume":"14","author":"Michalakis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab Syndr"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.09.027","article-title":"Obese patients with NASH have increased hepatic expression of SARS-CoV-2 critical entry points","volume":"74","author":"Fondevila","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Hepatol"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Endocrinology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fendo.2023.1229900\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,8]],"date-time":"2023-09-08T08:15:08Z","timestamp":1694160908000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fendo.2023.1229900\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,8]]},"references-count":38,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fendo.2023.1229900"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fendo.2023.1229900","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-2392"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-2392","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,8]]},"article-number":"1229900"}}