{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T08:06:47Z","timestamp":1790928407882,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":209,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,31]],"date-time":"2023-08-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1693440000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Endocrinol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Obesity is associated with chronic, low-grade inflammation. Excessive nutrient intake causes adipose tissue expansion, which may in turn cause cellular stress that triggers infiltration of pro-inflammatory immune cells from the circulation as well as activation of cells that are residing in the adipose tissue. In particular, the adipose tissue macrophages (ATMs) are important in the pathogenesis of obesity. A pro-inflammatory activation is also found in other organs which are important for energy metabolism, such as the liver, muscle and the pancreas, which may stimulate the development of obesity-related co-morbidities, including insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes (T2D), cardiovascular disease (CVD) and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Interestingly, it is now clear that obesity-induced pro-inflammatory signaling also occurs in the central nervous system (CNS), and that pro-inflammatory activation of immune cells in the brain may be involved in appetite dysregulation and metabolic disturbances in obesity. More recently, it has become evident that microglia, the resident macrophages of the CNS that drive neuroinflammation, may also be activated in obesity and can be relevant for regulation of hypothalamic feeding circuits. In this review, we focus on the action of peripheral and central macrophages and their potential roles in metabolic disease, and how macrophages interact with other immune cells to promote inflammation during obesity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2023.1232171","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,1]],"date-time":"2023-09-01T02:54:10Z","timestamp":1693536850000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Peripheral and central macrophages in obesity"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Sayani","family":"Mukherjee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silje","family":"Skrede","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martha","family":"Haugst\u00f8yl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miguel","family":"L\u00f3pez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johan","family":"Fern\u00f8","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2017.109","article-title":"Global burden of NAFLD and NASH: trends, predictions, risk factors and prevention","volume":"15","author":"Younossi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI19246","article-title":"Obesity is associated with macrophage accumulation in adipose tissue","volume":"112","author":"Weisberg","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"934","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2018.09.070","article-title":"Hypothalamic macrophage inducible nitric oxide synthase mediates obesity-associated hypothalamic inflammation","volume":"25","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2018.01027","article-title":"Vieira MNdN","volume":"12","author":"Forny-Germano","year":"2019","journal-title":"Role Leptin Adiponectin Obesity-Associated Cogn Decline Alzheimer\u2019s Disease. Front Neurosci"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-016-0193-8","article-title":"Relationship between obesity, alzheimer\u2019s disease, and parkinson\u2019s disease: an astrocentric view","volume":"54","author":"Martin-Jim\u00e9nez","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol Neurobiol"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2016.11.004","article-title":"Transcriptional regulation of tissue-resident lymphocytes","volume":"38","author":"Mackay","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trends Immunol"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.01330","article-title":"Insulin signaling and insulin resistance facilitate trained immunity in macrophages through metabolic and epigenetic changes","volume":"10","author":"Ieronymaki","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2020.01.008","article-title":"Trained immunity: linking obesity and cardiovascular disease across the life-course","volume":"31","author":"Bekkering","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-023-01479-0","article-title":"Macrophage function in adipose tissue homeostasis and metabolic inflammation","volume":"24","author":"Chavakis","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2950","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-30646-4","article-title":"Multiomics reveals persistence of obesity-associated immune cell phenotypes in adipose tissue during weight loss and weight regain in mice","volume":"13","author":"Cottam","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbalip.2019.04.001","article-title":"Saturated fatty acids induce NLRP3 activation in human macrophages through k+ efflux resulting from phospholipid saturation and Na, K-ATPase disruption","volume":"1864","author":"Gianfrancesco","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta (BBA) - Mol Cell Biol Lipids"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-021-00575-1","article-title":"Adaptive immune cells shape obesity-associated type 2 diabetes mellitus and less prominent comorbidities","volume":"18","author":"SantaCruz-Calvo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Rev Endocrinol"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.02035","article-title":"Human monocyte subsets and phenotypes in major chronic inflammatory diseases","volume":"10","author":"Kapellos","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.01587","article-title":"Tissue immune cells fuel obesity-associated inflammation in adipose tissue and beyond","volume":"10","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.22674","article-title":"Adipose tissue macrophage phenotypes and characteristics: the key to insulin resistance in obesity and metabolic disorders","volume":"28","author":"Ni","year":"2020","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.2000490","article-title":"Sex differences in macrophage responses to obesity-mediated changes determine migratory and inflammatory traits","volume":"206","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1111\/jdi.12918","article-title":"Obesity-induced insulin resistance and macrophage infiltration of the adipose tissue: a vicious cycle","volume":"10","author":"Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Diabetes Invest"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2014.08.010","article-title":"Metabolic dysfunction drives a mechanistically distinct proinflammatory phenotype in adipose tissue macrophages","volume":"20","author":"Kratz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2020.00062","article-title":"Mechanisms of macrophage polarization in insulin signaling and sensitivity","volume":"11","author":"Orliaguet","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MCO.0b013e328347970b","article-title":"Adipose tissue macrophages: phenotypic plasticity and diversity in lean and obese states","volume":"14","author":"Morris","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr Opni Clin Nutr Metab Care"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/db08-0872","article-title":"Phenotypic switching of adipose tissue macrophages with obesity is generated by spatiotemporal differences in macrophage subtypes","volume":"57","author":"Lumeng","year":"2008","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1631\/jzus.B2100930","article-title":"Proteomic characterization of four subtypes of M2 macrophages derived from human THP-1 cells","volume":"23","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Zhejiang University-SCIENCE B"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2023.02.002","article-title":"Adipose tissue at single-cell resolution","volume":"35","author":"Maniyadath","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/imm.13002","article-title":"Properties and functions of adipose tissue macrophages in obesity","volume":"155","author":"Russo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.1964","article-title":"CD8+ effector T cells contribute to macrophage recruitment and adipose tissue inflammation in obesity","volume":"15","author":"Nishimura","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/db12-1404","article-title":"Adipose tissue macrophages function as antigen-presenting cells and regulate adipose tissue cd4+ t cells in mice","volume":"62","author":"Morris","year":"2013","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2016.03.002","article-title":"Adipose natural killer cells regulate adipose tissue macrophages to promote insulin resistance in obesity","volume":"23","author":"Lee","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2019.08.011","article-title":"Natural killer cells as sensors of adipose tissue stress","volume":"31","author":"Fern\u00f8","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.856530","article-title":"Subtype-specific surface proteins on adipose tissue macrophages and their association to obesity-induced insulin resistance","volume":"13","author":"Strand","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.21377","article-title":"Adipose tissue fibrosis, hypertrophy, and hyperplasia: correlations with diabetes in human obesity","volume":"24","author":"Muir","year":"2016","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8080","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-08131-6","article-title":"Knockdown of lncRNA MIR31HG inhibits adipocyte differentiation of human adipose-derived stem cells via histone modification of FABP4","volume":"7","author":"Huang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mcb.00282-16","article-title":"FABP4\/aP2 regulates macrophage redox signaling and inflammasome activation via control of UCP2","volume":"37","author":"Steen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol Cell Biol"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature21363","article-title":"Inflammation, metaflammation and immunometabolic disorders","volume":"542","author":"Hotamisligil","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2014.05.012","article-title":"Increased adipocyte O2 consumption triggers HIF-1\u03b1, causing inflammation and insulin resistance in obesity","volume":"157","author":"Lee Yun","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2015.07.001","article-title":"Limited OXPHOS capacity in white adipocytes is a hallmark of obesity in laboratory mice irrespective of the glucose tolerance status","volume":"4","author":"Sch\u00f6ttl","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol Metab"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e47388","DOI":"10.15252\/embr.201847388","article-title":"Hypoxia and the regulation of myeloid cell metabolic imprinting: consequences for the inflammatory response","volume":"20","author":"Sadiku","year":"2019","journal-title":"EMBO Rep"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2015.00637","article-title":"The macrophage switch in obesity development","volume":"6","author":"Castoldi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(sici)1521-4141(199907)29:07<2280::Aid-immu2280>3.0.Co;2-c","article-title":"Hypoxia inhibits macrophage migration","volume":"29","author":"Turner","year":"1999","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/21623945.2020.1760674","article-title":"Role of TLR4 in the induction of inflammatory changes in adipocytes and macrophages","volume":"9","author":"McKernan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adipocyte"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/db15-1156","article-title":"IKK\u03b2 is essential for adipocyte survival and adaptive adipose remodeling in obesity","volume":"65","author":"Park","year":"2016","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2015.07.005","article-title":"Activation of NF-kappaB drives the enhanced survival of adipose tissue macrophages in an obesogenic environment","volume":"4","author":"Hill","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol Metab"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2004.09.015","article-title":"The chemokine system in diverse forms of macrophage activation and polarization","volume":"25","author":"Mantovani","year":"2004","journal-title":"Trends Immunol"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abe2480","article-title":"3D microscopy and deep learning reveal the heterogeneity of crown-like structure microenvironments in intact adipose tissue","volume":"7","author":"Geng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Adv"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2012.06.016","article-title":"Adipose tissue invariant NKT cells protect against diet-induced obesity and metabolic disorder through regulatory cytokine production","volume":"37","author":"Lynch","year":"2012","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1802611115","article-title":"Distinct macrophage populations direct inflammatory versus physiological changes in adipose tissue","volume":"115","author":"Hill","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U.S.A."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/db09-0287","article-title":"Pro-inflammatory CD11c+CD206+ adipose tissue macrophages are associated with insulin resistance in human obesity","volume":"59","author":"Wentworth","year":"2010","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nutd.2012.3","article-title":"Relation of depot-specific adipose inflammation to insulin resistance in human obesity","volume":"2","author":"Bigornia","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nutr Diabetes"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/db14-0744","article-title":"Evidence of early alterations in adipose tissue biology and function and its association with obesity-related inflammation and insulin resistance in children","volume":"64","author":"Landgraf","year":"2015","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/db07-0767","article-title":"Adipocyte death, adipose tissue remodeling, and obesity complications","volume":"56","author":"Strissel","year":"2007","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2019.05.054","article-title":"Lipid-associated macrophages control metabolic homeostasis in a trem2-dependent manner","volume":"178","author":"Jaitin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2017.08.096","article-title":"Metabolically activated adipose tissue macrophages perform detrimental and beneficial functions during diet-induced obesity","volume":"20","author":"Coats","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23137417","article-title":"An iron refractory phenotype in obese adipose tissue macrophages leads to adipocyte iron overload","volume":"23","author":"Ameka","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2016.03.004","article-title":"Iron gene expression profile in atherogenic Mox macrophages","volume":"1862","author":"Marques","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta (BBA) - Mol Basis Dis"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2022.101642","article-title":"Adipose tissue macrophages: regulators of adipose tissue immunometabolism during obesity","volume":"66","author":"Nance","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol Metab"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/imm.12262","article-title":"Adipose tissue-resident regulatory T cells: phenotypic specialization, functions and therapeutic potential","volume":"142","author":"Cipolletta","year":"2014","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2249990","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.202249990","article-title":"Distinct T cell subsets in adipose tissue are associated with obesity","volume":"53","author":"Haugst\u00f8yl","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M112.350066","article-title":"Activation of natural killer t cells promotes m2 macrophage polarization in adipose tissue and improves systemic glucose tolerance via interleukin-4 (il-4)\/stat6 protein signaling axis in obesity","volume":"287","author":"Ji","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Biolo Chem"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M112.371807","article-title":"Short term high fat diet challenge promotes alternative macrophage polarization in adipose tissue via natural killer t cells and interleukin-4","volume":"287","author":"Ji","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Biolo Chem"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.3047","article-title":"Regulatory iNKT cells lack expression of the transcription factor PLZF and control the homeostasis of treg cells and macrophages in adipose tissue","volume":"16","author":"Lynch","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1038\/s42255-019-0160-6","article-title":"Ketogenesis activates metabolically protective \u03b3\u03b4 T cells in visceral adipose tissue","volume":"2","author":"Goldberg","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Metab"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.3A0414-211RR","article-title":"\u03b3\u03b4 T cells promote inflammation and insulin resistance during high fat diet-induced obesity in mice","volume":"97","author":"Mehta","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Leukocyte Biol"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2567.2012.03582.x","article-title":"Understanding the complexity of \u03b3\u03b4 T-cell subsets in mouse and human","volume":"136","author":"Pang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e22892","DOI":"10.4161\/onci.22892","article-title":"Tumor cell recognition by \u03b3\u03b4 T lymphocytes","volume":"2","author":"Correia","year":"2014","journal-title":"OncoImmunology"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.201800696RR","article-title":"Decrease in \u03b1\u03b2\/\u03b3\u03b4 T-cell ratio is accompanied by a reduction in high-fat diet-induced weight gain, insulin resistance, and inflammation","volume":"33","author":"Le Menn","year":"2018","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2017.01.008","article-title":"Adipose type one innate lymphoid cells regulate macrophage homeostasis through targeted cytotoxicity","volume":"46","author":"Boulenouar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.3120","article-title":"NK cells link obesity-induced adipose stress to inflammation and insulin resistance","volume":"16","author":"Wensveen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2013.07.011","article-title":"Adipose tissue NK cells manifest an activated phenotype in human obesity","volume":"62","author":"O'Rourke","year":"2013","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1130370","article-title":"Phenotypic diversity of human adipose tissue-resident NK cells in obesity","volume":"14","author":"Haugstoyl","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/db11-1523","article-title":"Dendritic cells promote macrophage infiltration and comprise a substantial proportion of obesity-associated increases in CD11c+ cells in adipose tissue and liver","volume":"61","author":"Stefanovic-Racic","year":"2012","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1201475","article-title":"Eosinophils sustain adipose alternatively activated macrophages associated with glucose homeostasis","volume":"332","author":"Wu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155613","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2023.155613","article-title":"Eosinophils protect from metabolic alterations triggered by obesity","author":"de Oliveira","year":"2023","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cphy.c130024","article-title":"Energy metabolism in the liver","volume":"4","author":"Rui","year":"2014","journal-title":"Compr Physiol"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/cmi.2016.09","article-title":"Basic liver immunology","volume":"13","author":"Gao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Mol Immunol"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(22)00165-0","article-title":"The prevalence and incidence of NAFLD worldwide: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"7","author":"Riazi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12030855","article-title":"Association between neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte ratio with abdominal obesity and healthy eating index in a representative older Spanish population","volume":"12","author":"Rodr\u00edguez-Rodr\u00edguez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1172\/jci88881","article-title":"Liver inflammation and fibrosis","volume":"127","author":"Koyama","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1076","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-09046-8","article-title":"Neutrophils promote the development of reparative macrophages mediated by ROS to orchestrate liver repair","volume":"10","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2020.00259","article-title":"Macrophage subsets in obesity, aligning the liver and adipose tissue","volume":"11","author":"Remmerie","year":"2020","journal-title":"Fronti Endocrinol"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.1992.263.1.G17","article-title":"Evidence for kupffer cell migration along liver sinusoids, from high-resolution in vivo microscopy","volume":"263","author":"MacPhee","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Gastroint Liver Physiol"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.940867","article-title":"Heterogeneity and function of kupffer cells in liver injury","volume":"13","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12072-013-9468-6","article-title":"Immune and inflammatory pathways in NASH","volume":"7","author":"Ganz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hepatol Int"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23010498","article-title":"Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and organokines: what is now and what will be in the future","volume":"23","author":"Santos","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J MolSci"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2019-318382","article-title":"Myeloid cells in liver and bone marrow acquire a functionally distinct inflammatory phenotype during obesity-related steatohepatitis","volume":"69","author":"Krenkel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2019.07.028","article-title":"Landscape of intercellular crosstalk in healthy and nash liver revealed by single-cell secretome gene analysis","volume":"75","author":"Xiong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol Cell"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2016.01.020","article-title":"Interleukin-15-mediated inflammation promotes non-alcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"82","author":"Cepero-Donates","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e923726","DOI":"10.12659\/MSM.923726","article-title":"Kupffer cells regulate natural killer cells via the NK group 2, member d (nkg2d)\/retinoic acid early inducible-1 (RAE-1) interaction and cytokines in a primary biliary cholangitis mouse model","volume":"26","author":"Fu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med Sci Monit"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.167.1.514","article-title":"Dissection of the intracellular pathways in hepatocytes suggests a role for jun kinase and ifn regulatory factor-1 in con a-induced liver failure","volume":"167","author":"Streetz","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.157.9.3967","article-title":"IFN-gamma-inducing factor up-regulates fas ligand-mediated cytotoxic activity of murine natural killer cell clones","volume":"157","author":"Tsutsui","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03233-8","article-title":"Auto-aggressive CXCR6+ CD8 T cells cause liver immune pathology in NASH","volume":"592","author":"Dudek","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s42255-019-0076-1","article-title":"Transcriptional network analysis implicates altered hepatic immune function in NASH development and resolution","volume":"1","author":"Haas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Metab"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jlb.3ma1119-173r","article-title":"NK cells induce hepatic ER stress to promote insulin resistance in obesity through osteopontin production","volume":"107","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Leukocyte Biol"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e937528","DOI":"10.12659\/MSM.937528","article-title":"Identification of hepatic dendritic cells in liver biopsies showing steatosis in patients with metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) associated with obesity","volume":"28","author":"Barranco-Fragoso","year":"2022","journal-title":"Med Sci Monit"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0168-8278(18)30953-x","article-title":"The role of dendritic cells in different stages of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"68","author":"Ram\u00edrez-P\u00e9rez","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI88880","article-title":"Skeletal muscle inflammation and insulin resistance in obesity","volume":"127","author":"Wu","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.20615","article-title":"Pro-inflammatory macrophages increase in skeletal muscle of high fat-fed mice and correlate with metabolic risk markers in humans","volume":"22","author":"Fink","year":"2014","journal-title":"Obes (Silver Spring)"},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2015.104","article-title":"Intermuscular and perimuscular fat expansion in obesity correlates with skeletal muscle T cell and macrophage infiltration and insulin resistance","volume":"39","author":"Khan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Obes (Lond)"},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2012.24","article-title":"Low macrophage accumulation in skeletal muscle of obese type 2 diabetics and elderly subjects","volume":"20","author":"Tam","year":"2012","journal-title":"Obes (Silver Spring)"},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00506.2005","article-title":"Diet and exercise reduce low-grade inflammation and macrophage infiltration in adipose tissue but not in skeletal muscle in severely obese subjects","volume":"290","author":"Bruun","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3791","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-60185-1","article-title":"Resveratrol alleviates obesity-induced skeletal muscle inflammation via decreasing M1 macrophage polarization and increasing the regulatory T cell population","volume":"10","author":"Shabani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41580-020-00317-7","article-title":"Mechanisms controlling pancreatic islet cell function in insulin secretion","volume":"22","author":"Campbell","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol"},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-022-00728-x","article-title":"The two faces of pancreas tissue-resident macrophages","volume":"22","author":"Saffern","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-017-4416-y","article-title":"Mouse pancreatic islet macrophages use locally released ATP to monitor beta cell activity","volume":"61","author":"Weitz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1106","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2014.08.008","article-title":"Activated macrophages create lineage-specific microenvironments for pancreatic acinar- and \u03b2-cell regeneration in mice","volume":"147","author":"Criscimanna","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"928","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2017.10.015","article-title":"Interleukin-33-activated islet-resident innate lymphoid cells promote insulin secretion through myeloid cell retinoic acid production","volume":"47","author":"Dalmas","year":"2017","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20150496","article-title":"The pancreas anatomy conditions the origin and properties of resident macrophages","volume":"212","author":"Calderon","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1713543114","article-title":"Resident macrophages of pancreatic islets have a seminal role in the initiation of autoimmune diabetes of NOD mice","volume":"114","author":"Carrero","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci"},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1186\/s12876-022-02146-8","article-title":"Excess fatty acids induce pancreatic acinar cell pyroptosis through macrophage M1 polarization","volume":"22","author":"Xia","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Gastroenterol"},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2023.1185456","article-title":"Effect of guanylin peptides on pancreas steatosis and function in experimental diet-induced obesity and after bariatric surgery","volume":"14","author":"Otero","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.0213075","article-title":"Accumulation of M1-like macrophages in type 2 diabetic islets is followed by a systemic shift in macrophage polarization","volume":"95","author":"Cucak","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Leukocyte Biol"},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.668654","article-title":"Obesity in humans is characterized by gut inflammation as shown by pro-inflammatory intestinal macrophage accumulation","volume":"12","author":"Rohm","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2011.01.016","article-title":"Intestinal tolerance requires gut homing and expansion of FoxP3+ regulatory t cells in the lamina propria","volume":"34","author":"Hadis","year":"2011","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biochi.2017.05.019","article-title":"Impact of high-fat diet on the intestinal microbiota and small intestinal physiology before and after the onset of obesity","volume":"141","author":"Ara\u00fajo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biochimie"},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00098.2010","article-title":"Propensity to high-fat diet-induced obesity in rats is associated with changes in the gut microbiota and gut inflammation","volume":"299","author":"de La Serre","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Gastroint Liver Physiol"},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2015.06.001","article-title":"The gut microbiota regulates intestinal CD4 t cells expressing ror\u03b3t and controls metabolic disease","volume":"22","author":"Garidou","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2015.03.001","article-title":"Regulation of obesity-related insulin resistance with gut anti-inflammatory agents","volume":"21","author":"Luck","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1998","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2017.02.016","article-title":"Gut-specific delivery of t-helper 17 cells reduces obesity and insulin resistance in mice","volume":"152","author":"Hong","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2019.06.016","article-title":"Innate lymphoid cells in the induction of obesity","volume":"28","author":"Sasaki","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e3000363","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.3000363","article-title":"The biology of extracellular vesicles: the known unknowns","volume":"17","author":"Margolis","year":"2019","journal-title":"PloS Biol"},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/ebc20170087","article-title":"Fed-EXosome: extracellular vesicles and cell\u2013cell communication in metabolic regulation","volume":"62","author":"Stahl","year":"2018","journal-title":"Essays Biochem"},{"key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-022-00666-7","article-title":"Exosomes as novel biomarkers in metabolic disease and obesity-related cancers","volume":"18","author":"Jafari","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Rev Endocrinol"},{"key":"B121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1853","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2021.08.002","article-title":"Extracellular vesicle-based interorgan transport of mitochondria from energetically stressed adipocytes","volume":"33","author":"Crewe","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"B122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaw2586","article-title":"A lipase-independent pathway of lipid release and immune modulation by adipocytes","volume":"363","author":"Flaherty","year":"2019","journal-title":". Sci"},{"key":"B123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-021-00563-5","article-title":"Mitochondria transported from adipocytes in extracellular vesicles","volume":"17","author":"Greenhill","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Rev Endocrinol"},{"key":"B124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/jci123069","article-title":"Adipocyte-secreted exosomal microRNA-34a inhibits M2 macrophage polarization to promote obesity-induced adipose inflammation","volume":"129","author":"Pan","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmolb.2020.00171","article-title":"miRNAs in adipocyte-derived extracellular vesicles: multiple roles in development of obesity-associated disease","volume":"7","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Mol Biosci"},{"key":"B126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2017.08.035","article-title":"Adipose tissue macrophage-derived exosomal mirnas can modulate in vivo and in vitro insulin sensitivity","volume":"171","author":"Ying","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/db17-0356","article-title":"Exosomes from adipose-derived stem cells attenuate adipose inflammation and obesity through polarizing m2 macrophages and beiging in white adipose tissue","volume":"67","author":"Zhao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"B128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2020.12.019","article-title":"MiR-690, an exosomal-derived miRNA from M2-polarized macrophages, improves insulin sensitivity in obese mice","volume":"33","author":"Ying","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"B129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11154-020-09625-x","article-title":"Intercellular and interorgan crosstalk through adipocyte extracellular vesicles","volume":"23","author":"Crewe","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rev Endocr Metab Disord"},{"key":"B130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13339","DOI":"10.1111\/apha.13339","article-title":"Adipocyte-derived extracellular vesicles modulate appetite and weight through mTOR signalling in the hypothalamus","volume":"228","author":"Gao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Physiol"},{"key":"B131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2019.05.015","article-title":"Extracellular vesicle-contained enampt delays aging and extends lifespan in mice","volume":"30","author":"Yoshida","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"B132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24097745","article-title":"Extracellular vesicles in adipose tissue communication with the healthy and pathological heart","volume":"24","author":"Michel","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-021-02668-0","article-title":"Extracellular vesicles from adipose-derived stem cells promote microglia M2 polarization and neurological recovery in a mouse model of transient middle cerebral artery occlusion","volume":"13","author":"Hu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res Ther"},{"key":"B134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2023.04.006","article-title":"Obesity wars: hypothalamic sEVs a new hope","volume":"29","author":"Mukherjee","year":"2023","journal-title":"Trends Mol Med"},{"key":"B135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2022.155350","article-title":"Small extracellular vesicle targeting of hypothalamic AMPK\u03b11 promotes weight loss in leptin receptor deficient mice","volume":"139","author":"Milbank","year":"2023","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"B136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s42255-021-00467-8","article-title":"Small extracellular vesicle-mediated targeting of hypothalamic AMPK\u03b11 corrects obesity through BAT activation","volume":"3","author":"Milbank","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Metab"},{"key":"B137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.1995.268.3.R744","article-title":"Catecholaminergic innervation of white adipose tissue in Siberian hamsters","volume":"268","author":"Youngstrom","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol"},{"key":"B138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/jci116760","article-title":"Reduced sympathetic nervous activity","volume":"92","author":"Spraul","year":"1993","journal-title":"A potential Mech predisposing to body weight gain. J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2020.108270","article-title":"Endocannabinoid receptor-1 and sympathetic nervous system mediate the beneficial metabolic effects of gastric bypass","volume":"33","author":"Ye","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"B140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.01604.2011","article-title":"Cardiovascular effects of partial sleep deprivation in healthy volunteers","volume":"113","author":"Dettoni","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"B141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature24022","article-title":"Inflammasome-driven catecholamine catabolism in macrophages blunts lipolysis during ageing","volume":"550","author":"Camell","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10653","article-title":"Alternatively activated macrophages produce catecholamines to sustain adaptive thermogenesis","volume":"480","author":"Nguyen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.4316","article-title":"Alternatively activated macrophages do not synthesize catecholamines or contribute to adipose tissue adaptive thermogenesis","volume":"23","author":"Fischer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"B144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2020.568682","article-title":"Thermoneutrality-induced macrophage accumulation in brown adipose tissue does not impair the tissue\u2019s competence for cold-induced thermogenic recruitment","volume":"11","author":"Fischer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol"},{"key":"B145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.4422","article-title":"Sympathetic neuron\u2013associated macrophages contribute to obesity by importing and metabolizing norepinephrine","volume":"23","author":"Pirzgalska","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"B146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2023285119","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2023285119","article-title":"Vagus nerve stimulation promotes resolution of inflammation by a mechanism that involves Alox15 and requires the alpha7nAChR subunit","volume":"119","author":"Caravaca","year":"2022","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U.S.A."},{"key":"B147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5349","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-07764-z","article-title":"Effective weight control via an implanted self-powered vagus nerve stimulation device","volume":"9","author":"Yao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/35013070","article-title":"Vagus nerve stimulation attenuates the systemic inflammatory response to endotoxin","volume":"405","author":"Borovikova","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/sji.12141","article-title":"The vagus nerve attenuates fulminant hepatitis by activating the src kinase in kuppfer cells","volume":"79","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Scand J Immunol"},{"key":"B150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-04154-2","article-title":"Cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway ameliorates murine experimental Th2-type colitis by suppressing the migration of plasmacytoid dendritic cells","volume":"12","author":"Kanauchi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2013-30467","article-title":"A distinct vagal anti-inflammatory pathway modulates intestinal muscularis resident macrophages independent of the spleen","volume":"63","author":"Matteoli","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"B152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2020.109671","article-title":"Activation of alpha7nAChR via vagus nerve prevents obesity-induced insulin resistance via suppressing endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced inflammation in kupffer cells","volume":"140","author":"Deng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med Hypotheses"},{"key":"B153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00535-016-1304-z","article-title":"Hepatic vagus nerve regulates kupffer cell activation via alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis","volume":"52","author":"Nishio","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"B154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2017.11.002","article-title":"Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor alpha7 subunit improves energy homeostasis and inhibits inflammation in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"79","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"B155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e93340","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.93340","article-title":"Galantamine alleviates inflammation and insulin resistance in patients with metabolic syndrome in a randomized trial","volume":"2","author":"Consolim-Colombo","year":"2017","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"B156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.613979","article-title":"The cholinergic drug galantamine alleviates oxidative stress alongside anti-inflammatory and cardio-metabolic effects in subjects with the metabolic syndrome in a randomized trial","volume":"12","author":"Sangaleti","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1159\/000506483","article-title":"Regulating the enteric nervous system against obesity in mice by electroacupuncture","volume":"27","author":"Dou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuroimmunomodulation"},{"key":"B158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2014.04.050","article-title":"Crosstalk between muscularis macrophages and enteric neurons regulates gastrointestinal motility","volume":"158","author":"Muller Paul","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2015.12.023","article-title":"Neuro-immune interactions drive tissue programming in intestinal macrophages","volume":"164","author":"Gabanyi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-019-5458-4","article-title":"Characteristics of intestinal myoelectrical and motor activities in diet-induced obese rats: obesity and motility","volume":"64","author":"Wan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Digest Dis Sci"},{"key":"B161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cen.14615","article-title":"Obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor (MC4R) deficiency is associated with delayed gastric emptying","volume":"96","author":"Seelig","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol"},{"key":"B162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2014.11.018","article-title":"Microglia dictate the impact of saturated fat consumption on hypothalamic inflammation and neuronal function","volume":"9","author":"Valdearcos","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"B163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-018-0286-y","article-title":"Role of astrocytes, microglia, and tanycytes in brain control of systemic metabolism","volume":"22","author":"Garc\u00eda-C\u00e1ceres","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"B164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2015.48","article-title":"Hypothalamic innate immune reaction in obesity","volume":"11","author":"K\u00e4lin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Rev Endocrinol"},{"key":"B165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/db17-0067","article-title":"Hypothalamic inflammation in human obesity is mediated by environmental and genetic factors","volume":"66","author":"Kreutzer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"B166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.01992","article-title":"Diet-induced obesity elicits macrophage infiltration and reduction in spine density in the hypothalami of male but not female mice","volume":"9","author":"Lainez","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20205081","article-title":"Green tea polyphenol (\u2013)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) attenuates neuroinflammation in palmitic acid-stimulated bv-2 microglia and high-fat diet-induced obese mice","volume":"20","author":"Mao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-022-02756-z","article-title":"Palmitic acid and oleic acid differently modulate tlr2-mediated inflammatory responses in microglia and macrophages","volume":"59","author":"Howe","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol Neurobiol"},{"key":"B169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcn.2017.02.004","article-title":"Identification of a fatty acid binding protein4-UCP2 axis regulating microglial mediated neuroinflammation","volume":"80","author":"Duffy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol Cell Neurosci"},{"key":"B170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2016.67","article-title":"Hypothalamic AMPK: a canonical regulator of whole-body energy balance","volume":"12","author":"L\u00f3pez","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Rev Endocrinol"},{"key":"B171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-015-0658-y","article-title":"Hypothalamic-autonomic control of energy homeostasis","volume":"50","author":"Seoane-Collazo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"key":"B172","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2017.04.019","article-title":"Traveling from the hypothalamus to the adipose tissue: the thermogenic pathway","volume":"12","author":"Contreras","year":"2017","journal-title":"Redox Biol"},{"key":"B173","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23126380","article-title":"CX3CL1 action on microglia protects from diet-induced obesity by restoring POMC neuronal excitability and melanocortin system activity impaired by high-fat diet feeding","volume":"23","author":"Banerjee","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B174","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms15143","article-title":"TNFalpha drives mitochondrial stress in POMC neurons in obesity","volume":"8","author":"Yi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B175","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2012.03.021","article-title":"Exercise protects against high-fat diet-induced hypothalamic inflammation","volume":"106","author":"Yi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Physiol Behav"},{"key":"B176","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1194637","article-title":"Fate mapping analysis reveals that adult microglia derive from primitive macrophages","volume":"330","author":"Ginhoux","year":"2010","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B177","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2017.05.015","article-title":"Microglial inflammatory signaling orchestrates the hypothalamic immune response to dietary excess and mediates obesity susceptibility","volume":"26","author":"Valdearcos","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"B178","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2020.00198","article-title":"Overview of general and discriminating markers of differential microglia phenotypes","volume":"14","author":"Jurga","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Cell Neurosci"},{"key":"B179","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-023-02740-x","article-title":"Effects of diabetes on microglial physiology: a systematic review of in vitro, preclinical and clinical studies","volume":"20","author":"Vargas-Soria","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Neuroinflamm"},{"key":"B180","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12031-013-0068-7","article-title":"Exposure to the saturated free fatty acid palmitate alters BV-2 microglia inflammatory response","volume":"51","author":"Tracy","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Mol Neurosci"},{"key":"B181","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2014-1074","article-title":"The opposing effects of ghrelin on hypothalamic and systemic inflammatory processes are modulated by its acylation status and food intake in male rats","volume":"155","author":"Chowen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"B182","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11061241","article-title":"Priming of hypothalamic ghrelin signaling and microglia activation exacerbate feeding in rats\u2019 offspring following maternal overnutrition","volume":"11","author":"Maldonado-Ruiz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B183","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2017.01.007","article-title":"Deficiency of PTP1B attenuates hypothalamic inflammation via activation of the JAK2-STAT3 pathway in microglia","volume":"16","author":"Tsunekawa","year":"2017","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"B184","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2020.154694","article-title":"LKB1 up-regulation inhibits hypothalamic inflammation and attenuates diet-induced obesity in mice","volume":"116","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"B185","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nutd.2017.10","article-title":"Microglia activation due to obesity programs metabolic failure leading to type two diabetes","volume":"7","author":"Maldonado-Ruiz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nutr Diabetes"},{"key":"B186","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.179.2.1292","article-title":"Leptin-induced IL-6 production is mediated by leptin receptor, insulin receptor substrate-1, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, akt, nf-\u03bab, and p300 pathway in microglia","volume":"179","author":"Tang","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B187","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2018.10.018","article-title":"High-fat diet worsens the impact of aging on microglial function and morphology in a region-specific manner","volume":"74","author":"Spencer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurobiol Aging"},{"key":"B188","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2009.11.032","article-title":"Dual roles for perivascular macrophages in immune-to-brain signaling","volume":"65","author":"Serrats","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"B189","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0165-5728(01)00282-x","article-title":"A method for the selective depletion of perivascular and meningeal macrophages in the central nervous system","volume":"116","author":"Polfliet","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Neuroimmunol"},{"key":"B190","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/982458","article-title":"VEGF in the crosstalk between human adipocytes and smooth muscle cells: depot-specific release from visceral and perivascular adipose tissue","volume":"2013","author":"Schlich","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mediators Inflammation"},{"key":"B191","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0415","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000010415","article-title":"VEGF levels in plasma in relation to metabolic control, inflammation, and microvascular complications in type-2 diabetes: a cohort study","volume":"97","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Med (Baltimore)"},{"key":"B192","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2016.03.033","article-title":"Myeloid-cell-derived vegf maintains brain glucose uptake and limits cognitive impairment in obesity","volume":"165","author":"Jais","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B193","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1252945","article-title":"Aging. aging-induced type I interferon response at the choroid plexus negatively affects brain function","volume":"346","author":"Baruch","year":"2014","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B194","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.20315","article-title":"Neuroglial activation and neuroinflammation in the brain of patients with autism","volume":"57","author":"Vargas","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"B195","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e964","DOI":"10.1038\/tp.2016.229","article-title":"Transcriptome sequencing of the choroid plexus in schizophrenia","volume":"6","author":"Kim","year":"2016","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry"},{"key":"B196","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1873-3468.12691","article-title":"Hypothalamic lipid-laden astrocytes induce microglia migration and activation","volume":"591","author":"Kwon","year":"2017","journal-title":"FEBS Lett"},{"key":"B197","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2020.104733","article-title":"Hypothalamic glial cells isolated by MACS reveal that microglia and astrocytes induce hypothalamic inflammation via different processes under high-fat diet conditions","volume":"136","author":"Sugiyama","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurochem Int"},{"key":"B198","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2017.04.002","article-title":"Astrocytic process plasticity and IKK\u03b2\/NF-\u03baB in central control of blood glucose, blood pressure, and body weight","volume":"25","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"B199","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2018.04.005","article-title":"TGF-\u03b21 down-regulation in the mediobasal hypothalamus attenuates hypothalamic inflammation and protects against diet-induced obesity","volume":"85","author":"Mendes","year":"2018","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"B200","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2013.06.007","article-title":"Obesity induced by a high-fat diet is associated with increased immune cell entry into the central nervous system","volume":"35","author":"Buckman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"key":"B201","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-016-0666-8","article-title":"High-fat diet feeding differentially affects the development of inflammation in the central nervous system","volume":"13","author":"Guillemot-Legris","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Neuroinflamm"},{"key":"B202","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/jci59660","article-title":"Obesity is associated with hypothalamic injury in rodents and humans","volume":"122","author":"Thaler","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B203","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2017.06.013","article-title":"Energy sparing orexigenic inflammation of obesity","volume":"26","author":"Lee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"B204","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/db20-0262","article-title":"Circadian GLP-1 secretion in mice is dependent on the intestinal microbiome for maintenance of diurnal metabolic homeostasis","volume":"69","author":"Martchenko","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"B205","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2009-1002","article-title":"Meal-anticipatory glucagon-like peptide-1 secretion in rats","volume":"151","author":"Vahl","year":"2010","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"B206","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/db14-0302","article-title":"GLP-1 agonism stimulates brown adipose tissue thermogenesis and browning through hypothalamic AMPK","volume":"63","author":"Beiroa","year":"2014","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"B207","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.109163","article-title":"The gut microbiota regulates hypothalamic inflammation and leptin sensitivity in Western diet-fed mice via a GLP-1R-dependent mechanism","volume":"35","author":"Heiss","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"B208","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1054","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2022.06.002","article-title":"Tanycytes control hypothalamic liraglutide uptake and its anti-obesity actions","volume":"34","author":"Imbernon","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"B209","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2021.101214","article-title":"Roux-en-Y gastric bypass contributes to weight loss-independent improvement in hypothalamic inflammation and leptin sensitivity through gut-microglia-neuron-crosstalk","volume":"48","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol Metab"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Endocrinology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fendo.2023.1232171\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,1]],"date-time":"2023-09-01T02:54:15Z","timestamp":1693536855000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fendo.2023.1232171\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,31]]},"references-count":209,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fendo.2023.1232171"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fendo.2023.1232171","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-2392"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-2392","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,31]]},"article-number":"1232171"}}