{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T15:52:48Z","timestamp":1753890768942,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,2]],"date-time":"2023-11-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698883200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Endocrinol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>Exosomes play a key role in cell-to-cell communication by transferring their cargo to target tissues. Little is known on the course of exosome size and number in infants and children.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Longitudinally, we assessed the size and number of circulating exosomes at birth and at ages 2 and 7 yr in 75 infants\/children born appropriate-for-gestational-age (AGA; n=40) or small-for-gestational-age (SGA; n=35 with spontaneous catch-up), and related those results to concomitantly assessed measures of endocrine-metabolic health (HOMA-IR; IGF-1), body composition (by DXA at ages 0 and 2) and abdominal fat partitioning (subcutaneous, visceral and hepatic fat by MRI at age 7).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Circulating exosomes of AGAs decreased in size (on average by 4.2%) and increased in number (on average by 77%) between birth and age 7. Circulating exosomes of SGAs (as compared to those of AGAs) had a larger size at birth [146.8 <jats:italic>vs<\/jats:italic> 137.8 nm, respectively; p=0.02], and were in lower number at ages 2 [4.3x10<jats:sup>11<\/jats:sup><jats:italic>vs<\/jats:italic> 5.6x10<jats:sup>11<\/jats:sup> particles\/mL, respectively; p=0.01] and 7 [6.3x10<jats:sup>11<\/jats:sup><jats:italic>vs<\/jats:italic> 6.8x10<jats:sup>11<\/jats:sup> particles\/mL, respectively; p=0.006]. Longitudinal changes were thus more pronounced in SGAs for exosome size, and in AGAs for exosome number. At age 7, exosome size associated (P&amp;lt;0.0001) to liver fat in the whole study population.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Early-life changes in circulating exosomes include a minor decrease in size and a major increase in number, and these changes may be influenced by fetal growth. Exosome size may become one of the first circulating markers of liver fat in childhood.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2023.1257768","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,3]],"date-time":"2023-11-03T06:09:28Z","timestamp":1698991768000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Circulating exosomes decrease in size and increase in number between birth and age 7: relations to fetal growth and liver fat"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Marta","family":"D\u00edaz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paula","family":"Casano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tania","family":"Quesada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abel","family":"L\u00f3pez-Bermejo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francis","family":"de Zegher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francesc","family":"Villarroya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lourdes","family":"Ib\u00e1\u00f1ez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aau6977","article-title":"The biology, function, and biomedical applications of exosomes","volume":"367","author":"Kalluri","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10717544.2021.1951896","article-title":"Preserving extracellular vesicles for biomedical applications: consideration of storage stability before and after isolation","volume":"28","author":"Yuan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Drug Delivery"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2015.00203","article-title":"Emerging roles of exosomes in normal and pathological conditions: new insights for diagnosis and therapeutic applications","volume":"6","author":"De Toro","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm.2017.125","article-title":"Shedding light on the cell biology of extracellular vesicles","volume":"19","author":"Van Niel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2022.05.027","article-title":"Exosomes: Large-scale production, isolation, drug loading efficiency, and biodistribution and uptake","volume":"347","author":"Kimiz-Gebologlu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Control Release"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cytogfr.2019.12.008","article-title":"Microvesicles and exosomes in metabolic diseases and inflammation","volume":"51","author":"Dini","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cytokine Growth Factor Rev"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2015.07.001","article-title":"Placental exosomes in normal and complicated pregnancy","volume":"213","author":"Mitchell","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00281-018-0680-2","article-title":"Extracellular vesicles and their immunomodulatory functions in pregnancy","volume":"40","author":"Nair","year":"2018","journal-title":"Semin Immunopathol"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S142732","article-title":"Placenta-derived exosomes: potential biomarkers of preeclampsia","volume":"12","author":"Pillay","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Nanomedicine"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.2337\/db15-0966","article-title":"Gestational diabetes mellitus is associated with changes in the concentration and bioactivity of placenta-derived exosomes in maternal circulation across gestation","volume":"65","author":"Salomon","year":"2016","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9030675","article-title":"Exosomes could offer new options to combat the long-term complications inflicted by gestational diabetes mellitus","volume":"9","author":"Floriano","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2018.02.006","article-title":"Placental exosomes profile in maternal and fetal circulation in intrauterine growth restriction - 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