{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T22:13:28Z","timestamp":1793225608390,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,21]],"date-time":"2023-11-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1700524800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Endocrinol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Vitex agnus castus (VAC), also known as chaste tree, is a plant from the Mediterranean area, Crimea, and central Asia. Its fruit has been used for more than 2500 years as phytotherapic agent. In the last century, VAC has been mostly used for the treatment of premenstrual syndrome (PMS), menstrual irregularities, fertility disorders, and symptoms of menopause. Since some degree of hyperprolactinaemia may be observed in patients with such disorders, VAC effects on hyperprolactinaemia have been assessed in a small number of studies and in some patient series or single case reports. It has been postulated that the diterpenes contained in VAC extract may interact with dopamine D2 receptors (D2R) and inhibit prolactin release via dopamine D2R activation in the anterior pituitary. Most of the published papers focus on the use of VAC for the management of PMS or infertility. However, due to its action on D2R, VAC could have a role in the treatment of mild hyperprolactinaemia, including patients with idiopathic hyperprolactinaemia, microprolactinoma, drug-induced hyperprolactinaemia, or polycystic ovary syndrome.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We have reviewed and analysed the data from the literature concerning the use of VAC extracts in patients with hyperprolactinaemia.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Some evidence suggests a possible role of VAC for the management of hyperprolactinaemia in selected patients, though in an inhomogeneous way. However, there are not any large randomized controlled trials supporting the same and the precise pharmacological aspects of VAC extract in such a clinical setting still remain obscure.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>It appears that VAC may represent a potentially useful and safe phytotherapic option for the management of selected patients with mild hyperprolactinaemia who wish to be treated with phytotherapy. However, larger studies of high quality are needed to corroborate it.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2023.1269781","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,23]],"date-time":"2023-11-23T15:12:54Z","timestamp":1700752374000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Vitex agnus castus effects on hyperprolactinaemia"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"L\u00eddice Tavares","family":"Puglia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean","family":"Lowry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gianluca","family":"Tamagno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","article-title":"Delectis Florae Reipublicae Popularis Sinicae Agendae Academiae Sinicae Edita","volume-title":"Fl Reipubl Popularis Sin","author":"P'ei","year":""},{"key":"B2","volume-title":"Studies on the chemical and biological constituents of three Taxaceae plants, Vitex agnus-castus and Isodon xerophilus [dissertation]","author":"Li","year":"2001"},{"key":"B3","article-title":"M\u00f6nchspfeffer: Kritische Notizen zur Arzneipflanze des Jahres 2022","volume":"43","author":"Niedenthal","year":"2022","journal-title":"Z f\u00fcr Phytotherapie"},{"key":"B4","article-title":"Lehrbuch der biologischen Arzneimittel, Abteilung I: Heilpflanzen","author":"Madaus","year":"1938","journal-title":"Georg Thieme Verlag"},{"key":"B5","article-title":"Chasteberry","volume":"72","author":"Roemhed-Hamm","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am Fam Physician"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-85434-7_7","article-title":"Prolactin secretion and tolerance during treatment with an Agnus castus extract (BP1095E1) - Effect on prolactin secretion","author":"Merz","year":"1995","journal-title":"Phytopharmaka Forschung und Klinischer Anwendung"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2472","DOI":"10.1021\/jf0014157","article-title":"Evaluation of estrogenic activity of plant extracts for the potential treatment of menopausal symptoms","volume":"49","author":"Liu","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Agric Food Chem"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2005.12.025","article-title":"Activation of the mu-opiate receptor by Vitex agnus-castus methanol extracts: implication for its use in PMS","volume":"106","author":"Webster","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Ethnopharmacol"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6882-14-511","article-title":"Herbal medicine for the management of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and associated oligo\/amenorrhoea and hyperandrogenism; a review of the laboratory evidence for effects with corroborative clinical findings","volume":"14","author":"Arentz","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Complement Altern Med"},{"key":"B10","article-title":"Monographie BGA\/BfArM, Agni casti fructus (Keuschlamm-fr\u00fcchte)","volume":"226","author":"Kommission","year":"1992","journal-title":"Bundesanzeiger"},{"key":"B11","volume-title":"German Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices. 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