{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T22:33:26Z","timestamp":1788474806161,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,2]],"date-time":"2023-10-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1696204800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Endocrinol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are organic lipophilic pollutants that accumulate in the body. Previous research has linked PCBs with menstrual function; therefore, this study was undertaken to investigate the correlation of PCBs with luteal phase hormonal parameters of menstrual function at day 21 in a group of non-obese women prior to <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> fertilization (IVF).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Fifty-eight non-obese Caucasian women from a UK academic center, 29 with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and 29 without, were recruited. PCOS women all had anovulatory infertility. Non-PCOS women: five with unexplained infertility, the remainder with male factor infertility (n=14) or tubal problems (n=10). Blood was withdrawn at day 21 of the menstrual cycle for non-PCOS women, at the time of mock embryo transfer. PCBs were measured using high resolution gas chromatography.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Only PCB118, PCB153, PCB138 and PCB180 were detected in all samples, and levels did not differ between PCOS and non-PCOS subjects. In non-PCOS subjects, PCB153, PCB138 and PCB180 inversely correlated with estradiol (p&amp;lt;0.05); PCB118 and PCB138 inversely correlated with follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) (p&amp;lt;0.05); PCB118 (p&amp;lt;0.05), PCB153, PCB138 and PCB180 (all p&amp;lt;0.01) inversely correlated with luteinizing hormone (LH). Control women without PCOS with unexplained infertility showed higher levels of PCB118, PCB153, PCB138 and PCB180 (p&amp;lt;0.05) compared to those control women without PCOS with tubal or male factor infertility, though other hormonal parameters did not differ other than that FSH that was lower in the unexplained group (p=0.01). The only correlation observed in PCOS women with anovulatory infertility was that between PCB180 and progesterone (p&amp;lt;0.05).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>PCBs correlated with luteal phase menstrual cycle hormones in control women without PCOS and may contribute to the mechanism of unexplained infertility; in PCOS women, no correlations of the PCBs were seen for estradiol, LH or FSH.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2023.1270949","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,3]],"date-time":"2023-10-03T04:35:45Z","timestamp":1696307745000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Exploration of the correlation of serum polychlorinated biphenyl levels with luteal phase hormonal parameters and infertility in women with or without polycystic ovary syndrome"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Alexandra E.","family":"Butler","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edwina","family":"Brennan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel S.","family":"Drage","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thozhukat","family":"Sathyapalan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen L.","family":"Atkin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/10408444.2014.999365","article-title":"Metabolism and metabolites of polychlorinated biphenyls","volume":"45","author":"Grimm","year":"2015","journal-title":"Crit Rev Toxicol"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cen.14257","article-title":"Association of endocrine active environmental compounds with body mass index and weight loss following bariatric surgery","volume":"93","author":"Deshmukh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin endocrinol"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4361","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16224361","article-title":"Persistent organic pollutants in food: contamination sources, health effects and detection methods","volume":"16","author":"Guo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E1","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2015-1010","article-title":"EDC-2: the endocrine society's second scientific statement on endocrine-disrupting chemicals","volume":"36","author":"Gore","year":"2015","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2015.00037","article-title":"Endocrine disrupters: the new players able to affect the epigenome","volume":"3","author":"Casati","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front Cell Dev Biol"},{"key":"B6","unstructured":"Polychlorinated biphenyls"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0147-6513(89)90002-X","article-title":"PCB and other organochlorine compounds in blood of women with or without miscarriage: a hypothesis of correlation","volume":"17","author":"Leoni","year":"1989","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol Environ Saf"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2022.11.007","article-title":"Endocrine disruptors and endometriosis","volume":"115","author":"Dutta","year":"2023","journal-title":"Reprod Toxicol"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3314","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-60234-9","article-title":"Examining reproductive health outcomes in females exposed to polychlorinated biphenyl and polybrominated biphenyl","volume":"10","author":"Neblett","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.10715","article-title":"Exposure to a mixture of polychlorinated biphenyls and polychlorinated dibenzofurans resulted in a prolonged time to pregnancy in women","volume":"116","author":"Yang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Environ Health perspectives"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)61345-2","article-title":"Polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"370","author":"Norman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/dew218","article-title":"The prevalence and phenotypic features of polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"31","author":"Bozdag","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1048","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2010.11.036","article-title":"Circulating inflammatory markers in polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review and metaanalysis","volume":"95","author":"Escobar-Morreale","year":"2011","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2018.24","article-title":"Polycystic ovary syndrome: definition, aetiology, diagnosis and treatment","volume":"14","author":"Escobar-Morreale","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Rev Endocrinol"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2003.10.004","article-title":"Revised 2003 consensus on diagnostic criteria and long-term health risks related to polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"81","year":"2004","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2018.07.009","article-title":"Perfluorinated alkyl acids in the serum and follicular fluid of UK women with and without polycystic ovarian syndrome undergoing fertility treatment and associations with hormonal and metabolic parameters","volume":"221","author":"Heffernan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Hyg Environ Health"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00280883","article-title":"Homeostasis model assessment: insulin resistance and beta-cell function from fasting plasma glucose and insulin concentrations in man","volume":"28","author":"Matthews","year":"1985","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2007.02.043","article-title":"Calculation of serum \"total lipid\" concentrations for the adjustment of persistent organohalogen toxicant measurements in human samples","volume":"68","author":"Bernert","year":"2007","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-130-6-199903160-00002","article-title":"A more accurate method to estimate glomerular filtration rate from serum creatinine: a new prediction equation. Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study Group","volume":"130","author":"Levey","year":"1999","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108631","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2019.108631","article-title":"Serum measures of hexabromocyclododecane (HBCDD) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in reproductive-aged women in the United Kingdom","volume":"177","author":"Drage","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133588","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.133588","article-title":"Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, polychlorinated biphenyls and legacy and current pesticides in indoor environment in Australia - occurrence, sources and exposure risks","volume":"693","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1080\/26896583.2022.2043135","article-title":"A case-control study of polychlorinated biphenyl association with metabolic and hormonal outcomes in polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"40","author":"Brennan","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Environ Sci Health C Toxicol Carcinog"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/26896583.2022.2043135","article-title":"A case-control study of polychlorinated biphenyl association with metabolic and hormonal outcomes in polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"40","author":"Brennan","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Environ Sci Health Part C"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00003081-200012000-00014","article-title":"Environmental factors in infertility","volume":"43","author":"Hruska","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/tox.20679","article-title":"In utero and lactational exposure to PCB 118 and PCB 153 alter ovarian follicular dynamics and GnRH-induced luteinizing hormone secretion in female lambs","volume":"27","author":"Kraugerud","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ Toxicol"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2021.04.004","article-title":"Endocrine, metabolic and apical effects of in utero and lactational exposure to non-dioxin-like 2,2',3,4,4',5,5'-heptachlorobiphenyl (PCB 180): A postnatal follow-up study in rats","volume":"102","author":"Alarc\u00f3n","year":"2021","journal-title":"Reprod Toxicol"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106589","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106589","article-title":"Persistent organic pollutants and the size of ovarian reserve in reproductive-aged women","volume":"155","author":"Bj\u00f6rvang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2016.11.001","article-title":"Effects of PCB 126 and PCB 153 on secretion of steroid hormones and mRNA expression of steroidogenic genes (STAR, HSD3B, CYP19A1) and estrogen receptors (ER\u03b1, ER\u03b2) in prehierarchical chicken ovarian follicles","volume":"264","author":"Sechman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Toxicol letters"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0040-1721425","article-title":"Unexplained infertility","volume":"38","author":"Mol","year":"2020","journal-title":"Semin Reprod Med"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/JOE-17-0023","article-title":"Exposure to endocrine disruptors during adulthood: consequences for female fertility","volume":"233","author":"Rattan","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Endocrinol"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2017.07.033","article-title":"Influence of maternal and sociodemographic characteristics on the accumulation of organohalogen compounds in Argentinian women. The EMASAR study","volume":"158","author":"Bravo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2019.10.014","article-title":"Evidence-based treatments for couples with unexplained infertility: a guideline","volume":"113","year":"2020","journal-title":"Fertility sterility"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Endocrinology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fendo.2023.1270949\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,3]],"date-time":"2023-10-03T04:35:47Z","timestamp":1696307747000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fendo.2023.1270949\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,2]]},"references-count":32,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fendo.2023.1270949"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fendo.2023.1270949","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-2392"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-2392","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,2]]},"article-number":"1270949"}}