{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T18:23:29Z","timestamp":1790706209007,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":105,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,18]],"date-time":"2023-10-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1697587200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Endocrinol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Intermuscular adipose tissue (IMAT) is a unique adipose depot interspersed between muscle fibers (myofibers) or muscle groups. Numerous studies have shown that IMAT is strongly associated with insulin resistance and muscular dysfunction in people with metabolic disease, such as obesity and type 2 diabetes. Moreover, IMAT aggravates obesity-related muscle metabolism disorders via secretory factors. Interestingly, researchers have discovered that intermuscular brown adipocytes in rodent models provide new hope for obesity treatment by acting on energy dissipation, which inspired researchers to explore the underlying regulation of IMAT formation. However, the molecular and cellular properties and regulatory processes of IMAT remain debated. Previous studies have suggested that muscle-derived stem\/progenitor cells and other adipose tissue progenitors contribute to the development of IMAT. Adipocytes within IMAT exhibit features that are similar to either white adipocytes or uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1)-positive brown adipocytes. Additionally, given the heterogeneity of skeletal muscle, which comprises myofibers, satellite cells, and resident mesenchymal progenitors, it is plausible that interplay between these cellular components actively participate in the regulation of intermuscular adipogenesis. In this context, we review recent studies associated with IMAT to offer insights into the cellular origins, biological properties, and regulatory mechanisms of IMAT. Our aim is to provide novel ideas for the therapeutic strategy of IMAT and the development of new drugs targeting IMAT-related metabolic diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2023.1280853","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,18]],"date-time":"2023-10-18T05:17:50Z","timestamp":1697606270000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Intermuscular adipose tissue in obesity and related disorders: cellular origins, biological characteristics and regulatory mechanisms"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Ting","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xi","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanjun","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-019-0176-8","article-title":"Obesity: global epidemiology and pathogenesis","volume":"15","author":"Bl\u00fcher","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Rev Endocrinol"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-022-00784-2","article-title":"Intermuscular adipose tissue in metabolic disease","volume":"19","author":"Goodpaster","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Rev Endocrinol"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2016.00069","article-title":"Fatty infiltration of skeletal muscle: mechanisms and comparisons with bone marrow adiposity","volume":"7","author":"Hamrick","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11892-002-0086-2","article-title":"Skeletal muscle triglyceride: marker or mediator of obesity-induced insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"2","author":"Goodpaster","year":"2002","journal-title":"Curr Diabetes Rep"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/71.4.885","article-title":"Thigh adipose tissue distribution is associated with insulin resistance in obesity and in type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"71","author":"Goodpaster","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchf.2022.04.012","article-title":"Association between thigh muscle fat infiltration and incident heart failure: the health ABC study","volume":"10","author":"Huynh","year":"2022","journal-title":"JACC. 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