{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]],"date-time":"2026-04-15T13:08:19Z","timestamp":1776258499511,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,8]],"date-time":"2024-01-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704672000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Endocrinol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) as one of the first signals secreted by the embryo to the mother may have a direct effect on the endometrium at implantation. The current study was aim to compare the clinical outcomes after frozen-thawed embryo transfer (FET) treated with artificial cycles (AC) between women who were administered intramuscular injection of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) as luteal phase support and the routine group.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A randomized controlled trial of 245 women was conducted at the Assisted Reproduction Center, Northwest Women\u2019s and Children\u2019s Hospital, Xi\u2019an, China from January 2019 to January 2020. Women &amp;lt;40 years of age undergoing their first FET treated with AC were included. Patients were randomly allocated into either: (1) the hCG treatment group, who received intramuscular injection of hCG since the third day of progesterone administration, at a dose of 2000 IU once every two days, for a total of four times, (2) the control group, receiving routine protocol without placebo on these four days. Clinical outcomes of the two groups were analyzed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The primary outcome ongoing pregnancy rate in the hCG treatment group versus the control group was 73\/124 (58.87%) versus 75\/121 (61.98%), respectively (odds ratio [OR], 95% confidence interval [CI]:0.88, 0.53-1.47, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.619). Secondary clinical outcomes including biochemical pregnancy, clinical pregnancy, early pregnancy loss, multiple pregnancy, live birth and preterm birth were also comparable between the two groups through the univariate analysis and multivariable regression analysis (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &amp;gt; 0.05).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>In women undergoing AC-FET, there was no significant difference in the clinical outcomes between the hCG treatment group and the control group. Clinicians should be cautious about adding IM-hCG as luteal phase support to improve the clinical outcome after AC-FET.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Clinical trial registration<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:ext-link>http:\/\/www.chictr.org.cn\/showprojen.aspx?proj=32511<\/jats:ext-link>, identifier ChiCTR1800020342.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2023.1283197","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,8]],"date-time":"2024-01-08T06:18:01Z","timestamp":1704694681000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Intramuscular injection of human chorionic gonadotropin as luteal phase support in artificial cycle frozen-thawed embryo transfer does not improve clinical outcomes: a parallel, open-label randomized 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