{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T23:52:51Z","timestamp":1787961171540,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,5]],"date-time":"2023-12-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1701734400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Endocrinol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Some studies have investigated the association between vitamin D levels and precocious puberty (PP) but with limited sample sizes and inconsistent conclusions across studies.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Until July 2022, a comprehensive electronic search of works of literature was conducted in MEDLINE, Web of Science, and CNKI (Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure). A systematic review and meta-analysis of 15 case-control studies with 2145 cases and 2063 controls was conducted to explore the relationship between vitamin D and PP. Stratified analyses by year of publication, country, diagnosis category of PP, child\u2019s sex, and methods of 25(OH)D test were conducted.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>There was a negative correlation between 25(OH)D concentrations and PP in all study populations (SMD = -1.046, 95%CI = -1.366, -0.726). The pooled SMD remained significant in Chinese studies (SMD = -1.113, 95%CI = -0.486, -0.741), studies published before or after 2018 (SMD = -0.9832 and -1.185, 95%CI = -2.044, -1.133 and -1.755, -0.726), studies with female children (SMD = -1.114, 95%CI = -1.446, -0.781), and studies using electrochemiluminescence to detect 25(OH)D (SMD = -0.999, 95%CI = -1.467, -0.531). Vitamin D deficiency also increased the risk of PP (OR = 1.531, 95%CI = 1.098, 2.134). Unfortunately, heterogeneity was high in all analyses, and there was some publication bias.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>This systematic review and meta-analysis demonstrated an association between vitamin D and precocious puberty. We recommend more high-quality studies, especially prospective cohort studies with big sample sizes or some randomized controlled intervention trials, to validate the reliability of the results.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2023.1298374","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,5]],"date-time":"2023-12-05T04:32:10Z","timestamp":1701750730000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["An updated meta-analysis of the relationship between vitamin D levels and precocious puberty"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Hong","family":"Cheng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dan","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/pir.27-10-373","article-title":"Precocious puberty","volume":"27","author":"Muir","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pediatr Rev"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2010.06.037","article-title":"Angiostrongylus vasorum infection in dogs: Presentation and risk factors","volume":"173","author":"Morgan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000336325","article-title":"Recent secular trends in pubertal timing: implications for evaluation and diagnosis of precocious puberty","volume":"77","author":"Sorensen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Horm Res Paediatr"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2005-0012","article-title":"Prevalence and incidence of precocious pubertal development in Denmark: an epidemiologic study based on national registries","volume":"116","author":"Teilmann","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.l6597","article-title":"Precocious puberty","volume":"368","author":"Bradley","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bmj"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.108.2.347","article-title":"Earlier onset of puberty in girls: relation to increased body mass index and race","volume":"108","author":"Kaplowitz","year":"2001","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2014.40","article-title":"Pros and cons of GnRHa treatment for early puberty in girls","volume":"10","author":"Willemsen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat Rev Endocrinol"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2011.01.011","article-title":"Low vitamin D status among obese adolescents: prevalence and response to treatment","volume":"48","author":"Harel","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Adolesc Health"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/495101","article-title":"Vitamin d deficiency in obese children and its relationship to insulin resistance and adipokines","volume":"2011","author":"Roth","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Obes"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.111.013516","article-title":"Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations are associated with prevalence of metabolic syndrome and various cardiometabolic risk factors in US children and adolescents based on assay-adjusted serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D data from NHANES 2001-2006","volume":"94","author":"Ganji","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2011-3328","article-title":"Vitamin D deficiency in critically ill children","volume":"130","author":"Madden","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrcardio.2016.73","article-title":"Vitamin D and cardiovascular disease prevention","volume":"13","author":"Pilz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cardiol"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07315724.2011.10719956","article-title":"and cardiovascular disease","volume":"30","author":"Temmerman JC. 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