{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,25]],"date-time":"2026-10-25T09:07:40Z","timestamp":1792919260491,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,23]],"date-time":"2023-11-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1700697600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100020541","name":"Royal Adelaide Hospital Research Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100020541","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001232","name":"Royal Australasian College of Physicians","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001232","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001114","name":"Endocrine Society of Australia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001114","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012288","name":"Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012288","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Endocrinol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Germline loss-of-function variants in <jats:italic>PAM<\/jats:italic>, encoding peptidylglycine \u03b1-amidating monooxygenase (PAM), were recently discovered to be enriched in conditions of pathological pituitary hypersecretion, specifically: somatotrophinoma, corticotrophinoma, and prolactinoma. PAM is the sole enzyme responsible for C-terminal amidation of peptides, and plays a role in the biosynthesis and regulation of multiple hormones, including proopiomelanocortin (POMC).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We performed exome sequencing of germline and tumour DNA from 29 individuals with functioning pituitary adenomas (12 prolactinomas, 10 thyrotrophinomas, 7 cyclical Cushing\u2019s disease). An unfiltered analysis was undertaken of all <jats:italic>PAM<\/jats:italic> variants with population prevalence &amp;lt;5%.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>We identified five coding, non-synonymous <jats:italic>PAM<\/jats:italic> variants of interest amongst seven individuals (six germline, one somatic). The five variants comprised four missense variants and one truncating variant, all heterozygous. Each variant had some evidence of pathogenicity based on population prevalence, conservation scores, <jats:italic>in silico<\/jats:italic> predictions and\/or prior functional studies. The yield of predicted deleterious <jats:italic>PAM<\/jats:italic> variants was thus 7\/29 (24%). The variants predominated in individuals with thyrotrophinomas (4\/10, 40%) and cyclical Cushing\u2019s disease (2\/7, 29%), compared to prolactinomas (1\/12, 8%).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>This is the second study to demonstrate a high yield of suspected loss-of-function, predominantly germline, <jats:italic>PAM<\/jats:italic> variants in individuals with pathological pituitary hypersecretion. We have extended the association with corticotrophinoma to include the specific clinical entity of cyclical Cushing\u2019s disease and demonstrated a novel association between <jats:italic>PAM<\/jats:italic> variants and thyrotrophinoma. <jats:italic>PAM<\/jats:italic> variants might act as risk alleles for pituitary adenoma formation, with a possible genotype-phenotype relationship between truncating variants and altered temporal secretion of cortisol.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2023.1305606","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,23]],"date-time":"2023-11-23T16:26:54Z","timestamp":1700756814000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["PAM variants in patients with thyrotrophinomas, cyclical Cushing\u2019s disease and prolactinomas"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Sunita M. 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