{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T14:15:47Z","timestamp":1780582547482,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,10]],"date-time":"2024-01-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704844800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Endocrinol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused a major pandemic affecting human health and economy around the world since the beginning of 2020. The virus responsible for the disease is \u201csevere acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2\u201d (SARS-CoV-2). It invades the target cells by binding to angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). ACE2 is expressed in several organs including endocrine glands. Multiple endocrine and metabolic systems including the endocrine pancreas have been impacted by COVID-19 infection\/pandemic. COVID-19 pandemic can promote obesity through alterations in lifestyle (e.g., unhealthy diet and reduced physical activity due to confinement and isolation) leading to type 2 diabetes and\/or can directly impair the function of the endocrine pancreas particularly through a cytokine storm, promoting or aggravating type 1 or type 2 diabetes. The increased ACE2 receptors of high adiposity commonly associated with type 2 diabetes and the chronic hyperglycemia of diabetes with its negative impact on the immune system can increase the risk of COVID-19 infection and its morbidity\/mortality. In conclusion, there are bidirectional interactions between COVID-19 pandemic and diabetes (e.g., COVID-19 infection can impact diabetes and diabetes can impact COVID-19 infection). The services offered by healthcare systems for the management of diabetes have been adapted accordingly.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2023.1306290","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,10]],"date-time":"2024-01-10T14:11:09Z","timestamp":1704895869000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Interactions between COVID-19 infection and diabetes"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Hassan M.","family":"Heshmati","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.14744\/ejmo.2020.12220","article-title":"2019 Novel coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak: a review of the current literature","volume":"4","author":"Sahin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eurasian J Med Oncol"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2020.102433","article-title":"The epidemiology and pathogenesis of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak","volume":"109","author":"Rothan","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Autoimmun"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.1097","article-title":"The novel coronavirus originating in Wuhan, China. 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