{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T15:53:05Z","timestamp":1793202785050,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,22]],"date-time":"2023-11-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1700611200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Endocrinol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Despite the well-established findings of a higher incidence of retina-related eye diseases in patients with diabetes, there is less investigation into the causal relationship between diabetes and non-retinal eye conditions, such as age-related cataracts and glaucoma.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We performed Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis to examine the causal relationship between type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and 111 ocular diseases. We employed a set of 184 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that reached genome-wide significance as instrumental variables (IVs). The primary analysis utilized the inverse variance-weighted (IVW) method, with MR-Egger and weighted median (WM) methods serving as supplementary analyses.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The results revealed suggestive positive causal relationships between T2DM and various ocular conditions, including \u201cSenile cataract\u201d (OR= 1.07; 95% CI: 1.03, 1.11; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>=7.77\u00d710<jats:sup>-4<\/jats:sup>), \u201cGlaucoma\u201d (OR= 1.08; 95% CI: 1.02, 1.13; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>=4.81\u00d710<jats:sup>-3<\/jats:sup>), and \u201cDisorders of optic nerve and visual pathways\u201d (OR= 1.10; 95% CI: 0.99, 1.23; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>=7.01\u00d710<jats:sup>-2<\/jats:sup>).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our evidence supports a causal relationship between T2DM and specific ocular disorders. This provides a basis for further research on the importance of T2DM management and prevention strategies in maintaining ocular health.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2023.1307468","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,23]],"date-time":"2023-11-23T16:13:42Z","timestamp":1700756022000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Dissecting causal associations of type 2 diabetes with 111 types of ocular conditions: a Mendelian randomization 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