{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T15:56:56Z","timestamp":1753891016708,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,15]],"date-time":"2024-01-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1705276800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Endocrinol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>The primary objective of this research endeavor was to examine the underlying genetic causality between the age at first birth (AFB) and four prevalent esophageal diseases, namely oesophageal obstruction (OO), oesophageal varices (OV), gastro-oesophageal reflux (GOR), and oesophageal cancer (OC).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We conducted a two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis to examine the causal association between AFB and four prevalent esophageal disorders. We employed eight distinct MR analysis techniques to evaluate causal relationships, encompassing random-effects inverse variance weighted (IVW), MR Egger, weighted median, simple mode, weighted mode, maximum likelihood, penalized weighted median, and fixed-effects IVW. The random-effects IVW method served as the primary approach for our analysis. Furthermore, we executed several sensitivity analyses to assess the robustness of the genetic causal inferences.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The random-effects IVW analysis revealed a significant negative genetic causal association between AFB and both GOR (P &amp;lt; 0.001, Odds Ratio [OR] 95% Confidence Interval [CI] = 0.882 [0.828-0.940]) and OC (P &amp;lt; 0.001, OR 95% CI = 0.998 [0.998-0.999]). Conversely, there was insufficient evidence support to substantiate a genetic causal link between AFB and OO (P = 0.399, OR 95% CI = 0.873 [0.637-1.197]) or OV (P = 0.881, OR 95% CI = 0.978 [0.727-1.314]). The results of sensitivity analyses underscore the robustness and reliability of our MR analysis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The findings of this investigation substantiate the notion that elevated AFB confers a protective effect against GOR and OC. In addition, no causative association was discerned between AFB and OO or OV at the genetic level.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2023.1329763","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,15]],"date-time":"2024-01-15T04:29:33Z","timestamp":1705292973000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Late age at first birth is a protective factor for oesophageal cancer and gastro-oesophageal reflux: the evidence from the genetic 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