{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T19:27:11Z","timestamp":1789414031920,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,20]],"date-time":"2024-06-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1718841600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001537","name":"University of Auckland","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001537","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Endocrinol."],"abstract":"Objective<\/jats:title>To examine factors associated with fertility following hysterosalpingography (HSG) using an oil-soluble contrast medium (OSCM).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Design<\/jats:title>In a prospective cohort study on 196 women undergoing OSCM HSG, we showed that iodine excess was almost universal (98%) and mild subclinical hypothyroidism was frequent (38%). Here, we report the analyses of secondary outcomes examining factors associated with the likelihood of pregnancy following the HSG.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Setting<\/jats:title>Auckland, New Zealand (2019\u20132021).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Sample<\/jats:title>196 women with primary or secondary infertility who underwent OSCM HSG.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Methods<\/jats:title>Baseline and serial urine iodine concentrations (UIC) and thyroid function tests were measured over six months following the HSG. Pregnancy and treatment with levothyroxine during the study period were documented.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Results<\/jats:title>Following OSCM HSG, pregnancy rates were 49% in women aged &lt;40 years (77\/158) but considerably lower (16%) among those \u226540 years (6\/38). Similarly, live birth rates were markedly lower in women \u226540 years (17%; 1\/6) versus &lt;40 years (73%; 56\/77). 29% of participants were iodine deficient at baseline despite advice recommending iodine fortification. Following HSG, the likelihood of pregnancy in women with moderate iodine deficiency was 64% higher than in women with normal iodine levels (p=0.048). Among women aged &lt;40 years who had subclinical hypothyroidism (n=75), levothyroxine treatment was associated with higher pregnancy rates compared to untreated women [63% (26\/48) vs 37% (10\/27), respectively; p=0.047].<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Conclusion<\/jats:title>OSCM HSG was associated with higher pregnancy rates in women \u226440 than in those aged &gt;40 years. Iodine deficiency was relatively common in this cohort, and increased iodine levels from OSCM exposure may contribute to the improved fertility observed with this procedure. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Trial registration<\/jats:title>This study is registered with the Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ANZCTR: 12620000738921) https:\/\/anzctr.org.au\/Trial\/Registration\/TrialReview.aspx?ACTRN=12620000738921<\/jats:ext-link>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2024.1257888","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,21]],"date-time":"2024-06-21T08:13:41Z","timestamp":1718957621000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Iodine and other factors associated with fertility outcome following oil-soluble contrast medium hysterosalpingography: a prospective cohort study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Divya 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