{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T15:52:50Z","timestamp":1753890770033,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,2]],"date-time":"2024-02-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706832000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Endocrinol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Context<\/jats:title><jats:p>Although the role of insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-1) in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has garnered attention in recent years, few studies have examined both reduced and elevated levels of IGF-1.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>The aim of this study was to examine the potential relationship between IGF-1 levels and the risk of new-onset NAFLD in patients with pituitary neuroendocrine tumors (PitNET).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We employed multivariable Cox regression models and two-piecewise regression models to assess the association between IGF-1 and new-onset NAFLD. Hazard ratios (HRs) and their corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated to quantify this association. Furthermore, a dose-response correlation between lgIGF-1 and the development of NAFLD was plotted. Additionally, we also performed subgroup analysis and a series sensitivity analysis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 3,291 PitNET patients were enrolled in the present study, and the median duration of follow-up was 65 months. Patients with either reduced or elevated levels of IGF-1 at baseline were found to be at a higher risk of NAFLD compared to PitNET patients with normal IGF-1(log-rank test, P &amp;lt; 0.001). In the adjusted Cox regression analysis model (model IV), compared with participants with normal IGF-1, the HRs of those with elevated and reduced IGF-1 were 2.33 (95% CI 1.75, 3.11) and 2.2 (95% CI 1.78, 2.7). Furthermore, in non-adjusted or adjusted models, our study revealed a U-shaped relationship between lgIGF-1 and the risk of NAFLD. Moreover, the results from subgroup and sensitivity analyses were consistent with the main results.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>There was a U-shaped trend between IGF-1 and new-onset NAFLD in patients with PitNET. Further evaluation of our discoveries is warranted.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2024.1290007","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,2]],"date-time":"2024-02-02T04:50:41Z","timestamp":1706849441000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["U-Shaped relationship of insulin-like growth factor I and incidence of nonalcoholic fatty liver in patients with pituitary neuroendocrine tumors: a cohort 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