{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T02:44:27Z","timestamp":1791513867138,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":117,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,24]],"date-time":"2024-01-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706054400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001407","name":"Department of Biotechnology, Ministry of Science and Technology, India","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BT\/PR5693\/MED\/29\/585\/2012\/ ,  BT\/PR20621\/MED\/29\/1207\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BT\/PR5693\/MED\/29\/585\/2012\/ ,  BT\/PR20621\/MED\/29\/1207\/2017"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001407","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Endocrinol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Tuberculosis patients with diabetes, have higher sputum bacillary load, delayed sputum conversion, higher rates of drug resistance, higher lung cavitary involvement and extra-pulmonary TB infection, which is called as \u201cDiabetes-Tuberculosis Nexus\u201d. However, recently we have shown a reciprocal relationship between latent tuberculosis infection and insulin resistance, which has not been reported before. In this review, we would first discuss about the immune-endocrine network, which operates during pre-diabetes and incipient diabetes and how it confers protection against LTBI. The ability of IR to augment anti-TB immunity and the immunomodulatory effect of LTBI to quench IR were discussed, under IR-LTB antagonism. The ability of diabetes to impair anti-TB immunity and ability of active TB to worsen glycemic control, were discussed under \u201cDiabetes-Tuberculosis Synergy\u201d. The concept of \u201cFighter Genes\u201d and how they confer protection against TB but susceptibility to IR was elaborated. Finally, we conclude with an evolutionary perspective about how IR and LTBI co-evolved in endemic zones, and have explained the molecular basis of \u201cIR-LTB\u201d Antagonism\u201d and \u201cDM-TB Synergy\u201d, from an evolutionary perspective.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2024.1303338","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,24]],"date-time":"2024-01-24T10:16:37Z","timestamp":1706091397000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Immune-endocrine network in diabetes-tuberculosis nexus: does latent tuberculosis infection confer protection against meta-inflammation and insulin resistance?"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Vivekanandhan","family":"Aravindhan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Srinivasan","family":"Yuvaraj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0050152","article-title":"Diabetes mellitus increases the risk of active tuberculosis: a systematic review of 13 observational studies","volume":"5","author":"Jeon","year":"2008","journal-title":"PloS Med"},{"key":"B2","first-page":"399","article-title":"Tuberculosis and diabetes mellitus: merging epidemics","volume":"57","author":"Sen","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Assoc Physicians India."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201344301","article-title":"Diabetes and immunity to tuberculosis","volume":"44","author":"Martinez","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6196532","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/6196532","article-title":"Immunological impacts of diabetes on the susceptibility of mycobacterium tuberculosis","volume":"2019","author":"Ayelign","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Immunol Res"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1100\/2011\/397971","article-title":"Macrophages, meta-inflammation, and immuno-metabolism","volume":"11","author":"Shapiro","year":"2011","journal-title":"ScientificWorldJournal"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2018.09.025","article-title":"New insights into oxidative stress and inflammation during diabetes mellitus-accelerated atherosclerosis","volume":"20","author":"Yuan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Redox Biol"},{"key":"B7","article-title":"Adipocytokines and the expanding \u2018Asian Indian phenotype\u2019","volume":"54","author":"Mohan","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Assoc Physicians India."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciw836","article-title":"Diabetes mellitus and latent tuberculosis infection: A systematic review and metaanalysis","volume":"64","author":"Lee","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"B9","volume-title":"Global Tuberculosis Report 2013","year":"2013"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117594","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.117594","article-title":"Tuberculosis vaccine: A journey from BCG to present","volume":"252","author":"Fatima","year":"2020","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMcp2108501","article-title":"Latent tuberculosis infection","volume":"385","author":"Shah","year":"2021","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.12274","article-title":"T cells and adaptive immunity to Mycobacterium tuberculosis in humans","volume":"264","author":"Jasenosky","year":"2015","journal-title":"Immunol Rev"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41423-021-00694-9","article-title":"Reactivation of latent tuberculosis with TNF inhibitors: critical role of the beta 2 chain of the IL-12 receptor","volume":"18","author":"Robert","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Mol Immunol"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.00010-14","article-title":"Latent tuberculosis infection: myths, models, and molecular mechanisms","volume":"78","author":"Dutta","year":"2014","journal-title":"Microbiol Mol Biol Rev"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11033-021-06611-7","article-title":"Latent tuberculosis: interaction of virulence factors in Mycobacterium tuberculosis","volume":"48","author":"Sundararajan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol Biol Rep"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0105721","article-title":"Modeling the potential impact of host population survival on the evolution of M. tuberculosis latency","volume":"9","author":"Zheng","year":"2014","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejcdt.2013.12.002","article-title":"Host genome polymorphisms and tuberculosis infection: What we have to say","volume":"63","author":"Khalilullah","year":"2014","journal-title":"Egypt J Chest Dis Tuberc"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciw836","article-title":"Diabetes mellitus and latent tuberculosis infection: A systematic review and metaanalysis","volume":"64","author":"Lee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.884374","article-title":"Unique reciprocal association seen between latent tuberculosis infection and diabetes is due to immunoendocrine modulation (DM-LTB-1)","volume":"13","author":"Aravindhan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina55090546","article-title":"From pre-diabetes to diabetes: diagnosis, treatments and translational research","volume":"55","author":"Khan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Medicina (Kaunas)."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.12155","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory cytokines and risk of type 2 diabetes","author":"Herder","year":"2013","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes Metab"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7297419","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/7297419","article-title":"Targeting inflammatory cytokines to improve type 2 diabetes control","volume":"2021","author":"Velikova","year":"2021","journal-title":"BioMed Res Int"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155333","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2020.155333","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-27, IL-10, IL-1Ra and TGF-beta in subjects with increasing grades of glucose intolerence (DM-LTB-2)","volume":"137","author":"Bobhate","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdiacomp.2022.108133","article-title":"Serum levels of novel anti-inflammatory cytokine Interleukin-38 in diabetes patients infected with latent tuberculosis (DM-LTB-3)","volume":"36","author":"Aravindhan","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Diabetes Complications."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-065X.2007.00545.x","article-title":"Mycobacterium tuberculosis, macrophages, and the innate immune response: does common variation matter","volume":"219","author":"Berrington","year":"2007","journal-title":"Immunol Rev"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-394299-9.00001-1","article-title":"The immunobiology of IL-27","volume":"115","author":"Hall","year":"2012","journal-title":"Adv Immunol"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biom9080345","article-title":"IL-38: A new player in inflammatory autoimmune disorders","volume":"9","author":"Xie","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2015.03.001","article-title":"IL-17 and neutrophils: unexpected players in the type 2 immune response","volume":"34","author":"Allen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr Opin Immunol"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines11030631","article-title":"Neutrophils in mycobacterium tuberculosis","volume":"11","author":"Alcantara","year":"2023","journal-title":"Vaccines (Basel)."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cytogfr.2010.10.004","article-title":"IL-17 and Th17 cells in tuberculosis","volume":"21","author":"Torrado","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cytokine Growth Factor Rev"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.782495","article-title":"Antimicrobial activity of neutrophils against mycobacteria","volume":"12","author":"Parker","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2741\/4423","article-title":"Pathophysiology of neutrophil-mediated extracellular redox reactions","volume":"21","author":"Jaganjac","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front Biosci (Landmark Ed)."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2007.09.009","article-title":"IL-9 is associated with an impaired Th1 immune response in patients with tuberculosis","volume":"126","author":"Wu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin Immunol"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0031710","article-title":"Differentiation and recruitment of Th9 cells stimulated by pleural mesothelial cells in human Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection","volume":"7","author":"Ye","year":"2012","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tube.2017.11.008","article-title":"Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection induces IL-10 gene expression by disturbing histone deacetylase 6 and histonedeacetylase 11 equilibrium in macrophages","volume":"108","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Tuberculosis (Edinb)."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2017.10.008","article-title":"Effect of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection on adipocyte physiology","volume":"20","author":"Ayyappan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microbes Infect"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1006676","article-title":"Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection modulates adipose tissue biology","volume":"13","author":"Beigier-Bompadre","year":"2017","journal-title":"PloS Pathog"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18061321","article-title":"Adiponectin, a therapeutic target for obesity, diabetes, and endothelial dysfunction","volume":"18","author":"Achari","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2004.08.145","article-title":"Adiponectin induces the anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-10 and IL-1RA in human leukocytes","volume":"323","author":"Wolf","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.677550","article-title":"Adiponectin\/adipoR1 axis promotes IL-10 release by human regulatory T cells","volume":"12","author":"Ramos-Ramirez","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.2000.278.2.R537","article-title":"Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha induces leptin production through the p55 TNF receptor","volume":"278","author":"Finck","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/21623945.2018.1493901","article-title":"The role of adipocyte-specific IL-6-type cytokine signaling in FFA and leptin release","volume":"7","author":"Wueest","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adipocyte"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/JIR.S389845","article-title":"Leptin deficiency may influence the divergence of cell-mediated immunity between lepromatous and tuberculoid leprosy patients","volume":"15","author":"Degechisa","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Inflammation Res"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15252\/emmm.201708791","article-title":"FGF21 gene therapy as treatment for obesity and insulin resistance","volume":"10","author":"Jimenez","year":"2018","journal-title":"EMBO Mol Med"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.110.001909","article-title":"Energy, evolution, and human diseases: an overview","volume":"93","author":"Roth","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI90229","article-title":"Macrophage-derived IL-10 mediates mucosal repair by epithelial WISP-1 signaling","volume":"127","author":"Quiros","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Clin Invest."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.14211","article-title":"Incretins in obesity and diabetes","volume":"1461","author":"Chia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0080122","article-title":"Relation of leptin, ghrelin and inflammatory cytokines with body mass index in pulmonary tuberculosis patients with and without type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"8","author":"Zheng","year":"2013","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2008.03.028","article-title":"Visceral adipose tissue specific persistence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis may be reason for the metabolic syndrome","volume":"71","author":"Erol","year":"2008","journal-title":"Med Hypotheses."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1054\/tuld.1998.0167","article-title":"Hypodense alveolar macrophages in patients with diabetes mellitus and active pulmonary tuberculosis","volume":"79","author":"Wang","year":"1999","journal-title":"Tuber Lung Dis"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.01330","article-title":"Insulin signaling and insulin resistance facilitate trained immunity in macrophages through metabolic and epigenetic changes","volume":"10","author":"Ieronymaki","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1800065","article-title":"Insulin resistance in macrophages alters their metabolism and promotes an M2-like phenotype","volume":"202","author":"Ieronymaki","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1871530321666210924124336","article-title":"Hyperglycemia-induced immune system disorders in diabetes mellitus and the concept of hyperglycemic memory of innate immune cells: A perspective","volume":"22","author":"Lisco","year":"2022","journal-title":"Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e170326","DOI":"10.1590\/0074-02760170326","article-title":"Type-2 diabetes alters the basal phenotype of human macrophages and diminishes their capacity to respond, internalise, and control Mycobacterium tuberculosis","volume":"113","author":"Lopez-Lopez","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107708","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdiacomp.2020.107708","article-title":"Type 2 diabetes mellitus metabolic control correlates with the phenotype of human monocytes and monocyte-derived macrophages","volume":"34","author":"Valtierra-Alvarado","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Diabetes Complications."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0117941","article-title":"The effect of hyperglycaemia on in vitro cytokine production and macrophage infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis","volume":"10","author":"Lachmandas","year":"2015","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/S0091-6749(99)70518-X","article-title":"IL-18: A TH1-inducing, proinflammatory cytokine and new member of the IL-1 family","volume":"103","author":"Dinarello","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.12.344","article-title":"Risk factors for types of recurrent tuberculosis (reactivation versus reinfection): A global systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"116","author":"Qiu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11061646","article-title":"Host metabolic changes during mycobacterium tuberculosis infection cause insulin resistance in adult mice","volume":"11","author":"Oswal","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1843.2012.02184.x","article-title":"Significance of the frequency of CD4+CD25+CD127- T-cells in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis and diabetes mellitus","volume":"17","author":"Sun","year":"2012","journal-title":"Respirology"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiv484","article-title":"Impaired Cytokine but Enhanced Cytotoxic Marker Expression in Mycobacterium tuberculosis-Induced CD8+ T Cells in Individuals With Type 2 Diabetes and Latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection","volume":"213","author":"Kumar","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtbi.2008.01.010","article-title":"The timing of TNF and IFN-gamma signaling affects macrophage activation strategies during Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection","volume":"252","author":"Ray","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Theor Biol"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/00365548.2014.885657","article-title":"Diabetes is associated with lower tuberculosis antigen-specific interferon gamma release in Tanzanian tuberculosis patients and non-tuberculosis controls","volume":"46","author":"Faurholt-Jepsen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Scand J Infect Dis"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/cimm.1998.1282","article-title":"Lymphokine regulation of activation-induced apoptosis in T cells of IL-2 and IL-2R beta knockout mice","volume":"185","author":"Kung","year":"1998","journal-title":"Cell Immunol"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1101291","article-title":"IL-2 simultaneously expands Foxp3+ T regulatory and T effector cells and confers resistance to severe tuberculosis (TB): implicative Treg-T effector cooperation in immunity to TB","volume":"188","author":"Chen","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.02350","article-title":"IL-2 restores T-cell dysfunction induced by persistent mycobacterium tuberculosis antigen stimulation","volume":"10","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.621931","article-title":"Interleukin-1 as innate mediator of T cell immunity","volume":"11","author":"Van Den Eeckhout","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105555","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archoralbio.2022.105555","article-title":"IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1RA) suppresses a hyper-IL-17 response-mediated bone loss in a murine experimental periodontitis","volume":"144","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arch Oral Biol"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"854507","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/854507","article-title":"Th1 and th17 cells in tuberculosis: protection, pathology, and biomarkers","volume":"2015","author":"Lyadova","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mediators Inflamm"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2012-202857","article-title":"Anakinra treatment in patients with refractory inflammatory myopathies and possible predictive response biomarkers: a mechanistic study with 12 months follow-up","volume":"73","author":"Zong","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/dia.2011.0182","article-title":"Increased levels of serum granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor is associated with activated peripheral dendritic cells in type 2 diabetes subjects (CURES-99)","volume":"14","author":"Surendar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Diabetes Technol Ther"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2017.09.032","article-title":"TLR-induced secretion of novel cytokine IL-27 is defective in newly diagnosed type-2 diabetic subjects","volume":"104","author":"Madhumitha","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.17-22462","article-title":"Autoreactive T cells in immunopathogenesis of TB-associated uveitis","volume":"58","author":"Tagirasa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2017.02.032","article-title":"Defining a research agenda to address the converging epidemics of tuberculosis and diabetes: part 2: underlying biologic mechanisms","volume":"152","author":"Ronacher","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa751","article-title":"Impact of intermediate hyperglycemia and diabetes on immune dysfunction in tuberculosis","volume":"72","author":"Eckold","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22168666","article-title":"Adipose tissue dendritic cells: critical regulators of obesity-induced inflammation and insulin resistance","volume":"22","author":"Soedono","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.891878","article-title":"Pathological and protective roles of dendritic cells in Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection: Interaction between host immune responses and pathogen evasion","volume":"12","author":"Kim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6264149","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/6264149","article-title":"Metainflammation in diabetic coronary artery disease: emerging role of innate and adaptive immune responses","volume":"2016","author":"Aravindhan","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Diabetes Res"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2019.01.198","article-title":"In silico identification and wet lab validation of novel cryptic B cell epitopes in ZnT8 zinc transporter autoantigen","volume":"127","author":"Shruthi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Biol Macromol."},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MED.0000000000000263","article-title":"Type B insulin resistance syndrome","volume":"23","author":"Willard","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101947","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tube.2020.101947","article-title":"The role of antibodies in Bacille Calmette Guerin-mediated immune responses and protection against tuberculosis in humans: A systematic review","volume":"131","author":"Bright","year":"2021","journal-title":"Tuberculosis (Edinb)."},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11121883","article-title":"Neutrophils actively contribute to obesity-associated inflammation and pathological complications","volume":"11","author":"Uribe-Querol","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1440-1681.13304","article-title":"EoTHINophils: Eosinophils as key players in adipose tissue homeostasis","volume":"47","author":"Vohralik","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22094801","article-title":"Neutrophils in tuberculosis: cell biology, cellular networking and multitasking in host defense","volume":"22","author":"Borkute","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2023.1194682","article-title":"Low body mass index is associated with diminished plasma cytokines and chemokines in both active and latent tuberculosis","volume":"10","author":"Kumar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Nutr"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.725447","article-title":"Serum biomarker profile including CCL1, CXCL10, VEGF, and adenosine deaminase activity distinguishes active from remotely acquired latent tuberculosis","volume":"12","author":"Delemarre","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0137727","article-title":"Evaluation of TNF-alpha, IL-10 and IL-6 cytokine production and their correlation with genotype variants amongst tuberculosis patients and their household contacts","volume":"10","author":"Joshi","year":"2015","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2021.04.022","article-title":"Mycobacterium tuberculosis stimulates IL-1beta production by macrophages in an ESAT-6 dependent manner with the involvement of serum amyloid A3","volume":"135","author":"Jung","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol Immunol"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.908144","article-title":"Elevated IP-10 at the protein and gene level associates with pulmonary TB","volume":"12","author":"Fisher","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"B90","article-title":"Elevated serum IL-35 and increased expression of IL-35-p35 or -EBI3 in CD4(+)CD25(+) T cells in patients with active tuberculosis","volume":"8","author":"Kong","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Transl Res"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20141520","article-title":"Interleukin 27R regulates CD4+ T cell phenotype and impacts protective immunity during Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection","volume":"212","author":"Torrado","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3083.2001.00844.x","article-title":"Circulating TNF-alpha, TGF-beta, and IL-10 in tuberculosis patients and healthy contacts","volume":"53","author":"Olobo","year":"2001","journal-title":"Scand J Immunol"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2011.03.017","article-title":"Differential serum cytokine levels are associated with cytokine gene polymorphisms in north Indians with active pulmonary tuberculosis","volume":"11","author":"Abhimanyu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Infect Genet Evol"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1620\/tjem.209.321","article-title":"Serum interleukin-2 and neopterin levels as useful markers for treatment of active pulmonary tuberculosis","volume":"209","author":"Turgut","year":"2006","journal-title":"Tohoku J Exp Med"},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tube.2018.05.004","article-title":"IP-10 and RANTES as biomarkers for pulmonary tuberculosis diagnosis and monitoring","volume":"111","author":"Zhao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Tuberculosis (Edinb)."},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1007\/s00011-003-1176-6","article-title":"Monocyte chemotactic protein-1 production in patients with active pulmonary tuberculosis and tuberculous pleurisy","volume":"52","author":"Lee","year":"2003","journal-title":"Inflammation Res"},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.159.5.9806001","article-title":"Interleukin-8 induces lymphocyte chemotaxis into the pleural space. Role of pleural macrophages","volume":"159","author":"Pace","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdiacomp.2018.07.001","article-title":"Serum levels of chemokines IP-10, IL-8 and SDF-1 serve as good biomarkers for diabetes-tuberculosis nexus","volume":"32","author":"Aravindhan","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Diabetes Complications."},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.36740\/WLek202108111","article-title":"Human-beta-defensin-1: prognostic marker of tuberculosis severity and treatment effectiveness in pulmonary tuberculosis","volume":"74","author":"Pohorielova","year":"2021","journal-title":"Wiad Lek."},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00655-2019","article-title":"The global prevalence of latent tuberculosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"54","author":"Cohen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2023.1218084","article-title":"Editorial: Genes, diseases, immunity and immunogenomics","volume":"14","author":"Siddique","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Genet"},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/157339912803529869","article-title":"Review of evidence that epidemics of type 1 diabetes and type 2 diabetes\/metabolic syndrome are polar opposite responses to iatrogenic inflammation","volume":"8","author":"Classen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr Diabetes Rev"},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2017.03.046","article-title":"IGF1 shapes macrophage activation in response to immunometabolic challenge","volume":"19","author":"Spadaro","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1000938","article-title":"Myeloid cell-restricted insulin receptor deficiency protects against obesity-induced inflammation and systemic insulin resistance","volume":"6","author":"Mauer","year":"2010","journal-title":"PloS Genet"},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2006.02.010","article-title":"Myeloid lineage cell-restricted insulin resistance protects apolipoproteinE-deficient mice against atherosclerosis","volume":"3","author":"Baumgartl","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1501237","article-title":"Myeloid cell-restricted insulin\/IGF-1 receptor deficiency protects against skin inflammation","volume":"195","author":"Knuever","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines10101740","article-title":"Epigenetics in tuberculosis: immunomodulation of host immune response","volume":"10","author":"Khadela","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vaccines (Basel)."},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2021.9883","article-title":"Trends in prevalence of diabetes and control of risk factors in diabetes among US adults, 1999-2018","volume":"326","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.1017024","article-title":"Glycemic control and the risk of tuberculosis in patients with diabetes: A cohort study in a Mediterranean city","volume":"10","author":"Antonio-Arques","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101337","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabet.2022.101337","article-title":"Early life Bacillus Calmette-Guerin vaccination and incidence of type 1, type 2, and latent autoimmune diabetes in adulthood","volume":"48","author":"Corsenac","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab"},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02620732","article-title":"Improvement of glucose tolerance with immunomodulators on type 2 diabetic animals","volume":"9","author":"Zhu","year":"1996","journal-title":"Biotherapy"},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2021.02.009","article-title":"Human ancient DNA analyses reveal the high burden of tuberculosis in Europeans over the last 2,000 years","volume":"108","author":"Kerner","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2012.05.011","article-title":"The evolutionary benefit of insulin resistance","volume":"31","author":"Soeters","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Nutr"},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddaa254","article-title":"Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex and human coadaptation: a two-way street complicating host susceptibility to TB","volume":"30","author":"Uren","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hum Mol Genet"},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0408771102","article-title":"A Caenorhabditis elegans model of insulin resistance: altered macronutrient storage and dauer formation in an OGT-1 knockout","volume":"102","author":"Hanover","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A."},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2016.10.003","article-title":"Intermittent fasting reduces body fat but exacerbates hepatic insulin resistance in young rats regardless of high protein and fat diets","volume":"40","author":"Park","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Nutr Biochem"},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.204020","article-title":"Intensive fasting reduces thrombosis and improves innate immunity","volume":"14","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Aging (Albany NY)."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Endocrinology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fendo.2024.1303338\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,24]],"date-time":"2024-01-24T10:16:42Z","timestamp":1706091402000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fendo.2024.1303338\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,24]]},"references-count":117,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fendo.2024.1303338"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fendo.2024.1303338","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-2392"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-2392","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,24]]},"article-number":"1303338"}}