{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]],"date-time":"2026-02-19T04:40:51Z","timestamp":1771476051709,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,12]],"date-time":"2024-04-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1712880000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Endocrinol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>NAFLD (Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease) is becoming an increasingly common cause of chronic liver disease. Metabolic dysfunction, overweight\/obesity, and diabetes are thought to be closely associated with increased NAFLD risk. However, few studies have focused on the mechanisms of NAFLD occurrence in T1DM.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We conducted a two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis to assess the causal association between T1DM and NAFLD with\/without complications, such as coma, renal complications, ketoacidosis, neurological complications, and ophthalmic complications. Multiple Mendelian randomization methods, such as the inverse variance weighted (IVW) method, weighted median method, and MR-Egger test were performed to evaluate the causal association of T1DM and NAFLD using genome-wide association study summary data from different consortia, such as Finngen and UK biobank.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>We selected 37 SNPs strongly associated with NAFLD\/LFC (at a significance level of <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 5 \u00d7 10\u22128) as instrumental variables from the Finnish database based on the T1DM phenotype (8,967 cases and 308,373 controls). We also selected 14\/16 SNPs based on with or without complications. The results suggest that the genetic susceptibility of T1DM does not increase the risk of NAFLD (OR=1.005 [0.99, 1.02], IVW p=0.516, MR Egger <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>=0.344, Weighted median <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>=0.959, Weighted mode <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>=0.791), regardless of whether complications are present. A slight causal effect of T1DM without complications on LFC was observed (OR=1.025 [1.00, 1.03], MR Egger <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>=0.045). However, none of the causal relationships were significant in the IVW (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>=0.317), Weighted median (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>=0.076), and Weighted mode (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>=0.163) methods.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our study did not find conclusive evidence for a causal association between T1DM and NAFLD, although clinical observations indicate increasing abnormal transaminase prevalence and NAFLD progression in T1DM patients.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2024.1315046","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,12]],"date-time":"2024-04-12T04:18:30Z","timestamp":1712895510000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Type 1 diabetes mellitus and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a two-sample Mendelian randomization 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