{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T01:18:21Z","timestamp":1782782301359,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,25]],"date-time":"2024-04-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1714003200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Endocrinol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Coronavirus diasease 2019 (COVID-19) can cause both pulmonary and systemic inflammation, potentially determining multi-organ dysfunction. The thyroid gland is a neuroendocrine organ that plays an important role in regulating immunity and metabolism. Low serum levels of thyroid hormones are common in critical disease situations. The association between low thyroid hormone levels and mortality in COVID-19 intensive care patients has yet to be studied.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title><jats:p>The aim of this study is to compare thyroid hormone levels between patients in the general intensive care unit (ICU) to patients in the COVID-19 ICU.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>This was a retrospective comparative study of 210 patients who were hospitalized at Ziv Medical Center in the general ICU and in the COVID-19 ICU. Clinical and demographic data were collected from patient\u2019s electronic medical records.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Serum thyroid hormone levels of Thyroid Simulating Hormone (TSH), T4, and T3 were significantly lower in COVID-19 intensive care unit patients compared to the patients from the general intensive care unit (p &amp;lt; 0.05). The mortality rate in the COVID-19 ICU (44.4%) was higher compared to that in the general ICU (27.3%) (p &amp;lt; 0.05). No significant statistical difference was observed between the two groups in terms of gender and recorded comorbidities of diabetes mellitus, cerebral vascular accident, kidney disease, and cancer.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Low serum thyroid hormone levels\u2014T3, T4, and TSH\u2014in COVID-19 ICU patients are associated with higher mortality and could possibly be used as a prognostic factor for mortality among COVID-19 ICU patients. Thyroid hormone levels should be a part in the routine evaluation of COVID-19 ICU patients.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2024.1322487","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,25]],"date-time":"2024-04-25T04:30:29Z","timestamp":1714019429000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Low TSH and low T3 hormone levels as a prognostic for mortality in COVID-19 intensive care patients"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Or","family":"Sror-Turkel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nidal","family":"El-Khatib","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adi","family":"Sharabi-Nov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yaniv","family":"Avraham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shlomo","family":"Merchavy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2002032","article-title":"Clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 in China","volume":"382","author":"Guan","year":"2020","journal-title":"New Engl J Med"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-020-00662-x","article-title":"Expression of the SARS-CoV-2 cell receptor gene ACE2 in a wide variety of human tissues","volume":"9","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Infect Dis Poverty"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.02.052","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 cell entry depends on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and is blocked by a clinically proven protease inhibitor","volume":"181","author":"Hoffmann","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11154-016-9361-4","article-title":"The role of human parvovirus B19 and hepatitis C virus in the development of thyroid disorders","volume":"17","author":"Fallahi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rev Endocr Metab Disord"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-422X-6-5","article-title":"Viruses and thyroiditis: an update","volume":"6","author":"Desailloud","year":"2009","journal-title":"Virol J [Internet]"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cphy.c150017","article-title":"Euthyroid sick syndrome","volume":"6","author":"Lee","year":"2016","journal-title":"Compr Physiol [Internet]"},{"key":"B7","article-title":"Euthyroid Sick Syndrome","volume-title":"StatPearls","author":"Ganesan","year":"2021"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3000605221082898","DOI":"10.1177\/03000605221082898","article-title":"Potential relationships between COVID-19 and the thyroid gland: an update","volume":"50","author":"Naguib","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Int Med Res"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgaa830","article-title":"Thyroid function before, during, and after COVID-19","volume":"106","author":"Khoo","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgaa813","article-title":"Thyroid dysfunction in relation to immune profile, disease status, and outcome in 191 patients with COVID-19","volume":"106","author":"Lui","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11154-020-09615-z","article-title":"Impact of COVID-19 on the thyroid gland: an update","volume":"22","author":"Scappaticcio","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rev Endocr Metab Disord"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-20-0335","article-title":"Thyrotoxicosis in patients with COVID-19: the THYRCOV study","volume":"183","author":"Lania","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2021.708333","article-title":"Coronavirus disease 2019 and the thyroid - 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