{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T09:11:44Z","timestamp":1780391504329,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,5]],"date-time":"2024-03-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1709596800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Endocrinol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study aims to determine the effectiveness of T1\u03c1 in detecting myocardial fibrosis in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients by comparing with native T1 and extracellular volume (ECV) fraction.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>T2DM patients (n = 35) and healthy controls (n = 30) underwent cardiac magnetic resonance. ECV, T1\u03c1, native T1, and global longitudinal strain (GLS) values were assessed. Diagnostic performance was analyzed using receiver operating curves.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The global ECV and T1\u03c1 of T2DM group (ECV = 32.1 \u00b1 3.2%, T1\u03c1 = 51.6 \u00b1 3.8 msec) were significantly higher than those of controls (ECV = 26.2 \u00b1 1.6%, T1\u03c1 = 46.8 \u00b1 2.0 msec) (all P &amp;lt; 0.001), whether there was no significant difference in native T1 between T2DM and controls (P = 0.264). The GLS decreased significantly in T2DM patients compared with controls (\u221216.5 \u00b1 2.4% vs. \u221218.3 \u00b1 2.6%, P = 0.015). The T1\u03c1 and native T1 were associated with ECV (Pearson\u2019s r = 0.50 and 0.25, respectively, both P &amp;lt; 0.001); the native T1, T1\u03c1, and ECV were associated with hemoglobin A1c (Pearson\u2019s r = 0.41, 0.52, and 0.61, respectively, all P &amp;lt; 0.05); and the ECV was associated with diabetes duration (Pearson\u2019s r = 0.41, P = 0.016). The AUC of ECV, T1\u03c1, GLS, and native T1 were 0.869, 0.810, 0.659, and 0.524, respectively.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>In T2DM patients, T1\u03c1 may be a new non-contrast cardiac magnetic resonance technique for identifying myocardial diffuse fibrosis, and T1\u03c1 may be more sensitive than native T1 in the detection of myocardial diffuse fibrosis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2024.1335899","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,5]],"date-time":"2024-03-05T04:29:05Z","timestamp":1709612945000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Early detection of myocardial involvement by non-contrast T1\u03c1 mapping of cardiac magnetic resonance in type 2 diabetes mellitus"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Hongmin","family":"Shu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huimin","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zixiang","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ren","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhen","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinxiu","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kaixuan","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yongqiang","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaohu","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.116.022194","article-title":"Clinical update: cardiovascular disease in diabetes mellitus: atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and heart failure in type 2 diabetes mellitus - mechanisms, management, and clinical considerations","volume":"133","author":"Low Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2018.02.026","article-title":"Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction in diabetes: mechanisms and management","volume":"34","author":"Meagher","year":"2018","journal-title":"Can J Cardiol"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-014-3171-6","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms of diabetic cardiomyopathy","volume":"57","author":"Bugger","year":"2014","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1186\/s43044-023-00376-z","article-title":"Potential molecular mechanism underlying cardiac fibrosis in diabetes mellitus: a narrative review","volume":"75","author":"Ridwan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Egypt Heart J"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2021.113904","article-title":"Fibrosis of the diabetic heart: Clinical significance, molecular mechanisms, and therapeutic opportunities","volume":"176","author":"Tuleta","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv Drug Delivery Rev"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mri.2022.05.001","article-title":"Noncontrast T1\u03c1 dispersion imaging is sensitive to diffuse fibrosis: A cardiovascular magnetic resonance study at 3T in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy","volume":"91","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Magn Reson Imag"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1186\/s12968-016-0308-4","article-title":"Cardiac T1 Mapping and Extracellular Volume (ECV) in clinical practice: a comprehensive review","volume":"18","author":"Haaf","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Magn Reson"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mri.2017.04.012","article-title":"A non-contrast CMR index for assessing myocardial fibrosis","volume":"42","author":"Yin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Magnetic Resonance Imaging"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12410-013-9248-7","article-title":"Assessing myocardial disease using T1\u03c1 MRI","volume":"7","author":"Han","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr Cardiovasc Imaging Rep"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.24358","article-title":"In vivo whole-brain T1-rho mapping across adulthood: normative values and age dependence","volume":"40","author":"Watts","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Magn Reson Imag"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-018-5950-9","article-title":"MR extracellular volume mapping and non-contrast T1\u03c1 mapping allow early detection of myocardial fibrosis in diabetic monkeys","volume":"29","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9136(199807)15:7<539::AID-DIA668>3.0.CO;2-S","article-title":"Definition, diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus and its complications. Part 1: diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus provisional report of a WHO consultation","volume":"15","author":"Alberti","year":"1998","journal-title":"Diabetes Med"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2008.04.047","article-title":"Assessment and significance of left ventricular mass by cardiovascular magnetic resonance in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy","volume":"52","author":"Olivotto","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.26631","article-title":"Biexponential T1\u03c1 relaxation mapping of human knee menisci","volume":"50","author":"Baboli","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Magn Reson Imag"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1186\/s12968-021-00813-5","article-title":"Endogenous T1\u03c1 cardiovascular magnetic resonance in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy","volume":"23","author":"Thompson","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Magn Reson"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0221061","article-title":"Cardiovascular magnetic resonance feature tracking strain analysis for discrimination between hypertensive heart disease and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy","volume":"14","author":"Neisius","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/hc0402.102975","article-title":"Standardized myocardial segmentation and nomenclature for tomographic imaging of the heart: A statement for healthcare professionals from the cardiac imaging committee of the council on clinical cardiology of the American heart association","volume":"105","author":"Cerqueira","year":"2002","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ehjci\/jeac128","article-title":"Endogenous assessment of late gadolinium enhancement grey zone in patients with non-ischaemic cardiomyopathy with T1\u03c1 and native T1 mapping","volume":"24","author":"Dong","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/RLI.0000000000000261","article-title":"Single breath-hold T1\u03c1-mapping of the heart for endogenous assessment of myocardial fibrosis","volume":"51","author":"van Oorschot","year":"2016","journal-title":"Invest Radiol"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.25340","article-title":"Endogenous assessment of diffuse myocardial fibrosis in patients with T 1\u03c1 -mapping: Detecting Diffuse Cardiac Fibrosis With T 1\u03c1 -MRI","volume":"45","author":"van Oorschot","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Magn Reson Imag"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.25188","article-title":"Myocardial T1 rho mapping of patients with end-stage renal disease and its comparison with T1 mapping and T2 mapping: A feasibility and reproducibility study: Myocardial Characterization With T1 rho Mapping","volume":"44","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Magn Reson Imaging"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-022-08800-9","article-title":"Cardiac magnetic resonance T1 mapping for evaluating myocardial fibrosis in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: correlation with left ventricular longitudinal diastolic dysfunction","volume":"32","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.2337\/db15-0627","article-title":"Relationship between left ventricular structural and metabolic remodeling in type 2 diabetes","volume":"65","author":"Levelt","year":"2016","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crad.2016.02.013","article-title":"Assessment of myocardial fibrosis with T1 mapping MRI","volume":"71","author":"Everett","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Radiol"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2018.09.002","article-title":"CMR global longitudinal strain","volume":"11","author":"Kwong","year":"2018","journal-title":"JACC: Cardiovasc Imag"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13126","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-69977-x","article-title":"Assessment of left ventricular deformation in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus by cardiac magnetic resonance tissue tracking","volume":"10","author":"Xie","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.echo.2008.10.005","article-title":"Strain rate imaging detects early cardiac effects of pegylated liposomal Doxorubicin as adjuvant therapy in elderly patients with breast cancer","volume":"21","author":"Jurcut","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Am Soc Echocardiogr"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.echo.2008.09.013","article-title":"Subclinical abnormalities of left ventricular myocardial deformation in early-stage chronic kidney disease: the precursor of uremic cardiomyopathy","volume":"21","author":"Edwards","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Am Soc Echocardiogr"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2013.11.066","article-title":"Myocardial extracellular remodeling is associated with ventricular diastolic dysfunction in children and young adults with congenital aortic stenosis","volume":"63","author":"Dusenbery","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-017-0651-2","article-title":"Increased myocardial extracellular volume assessed by cardiovascular magnetic resonance T1 mapping and its determinants in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients with normal myocardial systolic strain","volume":"17","author":"Cao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ehjci\/jeu121","article-title":"Subclinical diastolic dysfunction in young adults with Type 2 diabetes mellitus: a multiparametric contrast-enhanced cardiovascular magnetic resonance pilot study assessing potential mechanisms","volume":"15","author":"Khan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imag"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2017-02-767624","article-title":"Association between diffuse myocardial fibrosis and diastolic dysfunction in sickle cell anemia","volume":"130","author":"Niss","year":"2017","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/9584278","article-title":"Assessment of diabetic cardiomyopathy by cardiovascular magnetic resonance T1 mapping: correlation with left-ventricular diastolic dysfunction and diabetic duration","volume":"2017","author":"Shang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Diabetes Res"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2014.01.003","article-title":"Diabetic cardiomyopathy: mechanisms and new treatment strategies targeting antioxidant signaling pathways","volume":"142","author":"Huynh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diii.2020.07.005","article-title":"Quantification of diffuse myocardial fibrosis using CMR extracellular volume fraction and serum biomarkers of collagen turnover with histologic quantification as standard of reference","volume":"102","author":"Foussier","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diagn Interv Imag"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10554-019-01733-3","article-title":"Quantification of myocardial interstitial fibrosis and extracellular volume for the detection of cardiac allograft vasculopathy","volume":"36","author":"van Heeswijk","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Cardiovasc Imag"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Endocrinology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fendo.2024.1335899\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,5]],"date-time":"2024-03-05T04:29:07Z","timestamp":1709612947000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fendo.2024.1335899\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,5]]},"references-count":36,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fendo.2024.1335899"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fendo.2024.1335899","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-2392"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-2392","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,5]]},"article-number":"1335899"}}